The period from birth to the beginning of formal education, is witness to some of children’s most critical developments, including oral language, print awareness, and phonological awareness, Prereading stage, Reading that is efficient, well paced, and free of errors, Fluency, The idea that as children become more confident and fluent in their reading abilities, their reading becomes more automatic, Ungluing, The ability to think about and analyze language as an object of attention, Metalinguistic competence, The process of breaking down speech or text into smaller units (phonemes), Segmentation, Language that people use in nonliteral and often abstract ways, Figurative language, The ability to make sound modifications by joining certain morphemes, vowel shifting, and using stress and emphasis to distinguish phrases from compound words, Morphophonemic development, Developmentally advanced grammatical structures that mark a “literate,” or decontextualized, language style (seen in written language), Complex syntax, Analyzing the lexical, inflectional, and derivational morphemes of unfamiliar words to infer their meanings, Morphological analysis, When words or phrases have multiple meanings, Lexical ambiguity, The ability to use language for a variety of communicative purposes or functions, Functional flexibility, The combination of narrative elements in an expressive or artful manner of storytelling, Expressive elaboration.

Chapter 8

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