Focuses on describing and analyzing language as it is actually used by speakers, rather than prescribing rules. It studies the structures of phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics as observed in real communication., emphasizes the purposes that language serves in communication. It investigates how linguistic forms relate to social context, communicative intent, and cognitive processes. Functionalists argue that language structure cannot be fully understood without considering its communicative functions., analyzes language as a system of interrelated elements. It focuses on how phonemes, morphemes, and syntactic units relate to one another within the language system., emphasizes the innate cognitive structures that allow humans to produce and understand sentences., studies the meanings of words and sentences-[.

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