Sentence 1, Government efforts to reduce smoking rates have significantly contributed to the global rise in life expectancy., Sentence 2, Smoking is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is a leading cause of death, especially for those over 60 (OECD, 2018)., Sentence 3, To combat this, governments have introduced measures such as tobacco taxes and advertising restrictions., Sentence 4, For example, Ethiopia increased tobacco taxes in 2019 (Freeman et al., 2020), while Indonesia limited tobacco promotions (OECD, 2018)., Sentence 5, These interventions have reduced smoking-related deaths, boosting life expectancy by up to seven years in some cases (MPG, 2017)., Sentence 6, For instance, smoking control programs in industrialized nations from the 1970s to 2010s significantly lowered CVD mortality rates (Klenk et al., 2016)., Sentence 7, By curbing smoking, governments have reduced premature deaths, improving overall life expectancy..

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