What is the primary effect of a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) on blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?, A decreased GFR results in an increased BUN., What are two non-renal factors that can increase blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?, Increased dietary protein and gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding both increase BUN., An elevation in serum creatinine indicates that less than _____ of the original functioning renal mass remains., 25%, Why might a young animal have a different serum creatinine concentration compared to an older animal?, Young animals typically have lower serum creatinine concentrations than older animals., What condition, often causing muscle wasting, can lead to lower serum creatinine concentrations?, Cachexia often causes lower serum creatinine concentrations., In chronic renal disease, what percentage of nephrons must be nonfunctional before an increase in serum phosphorus is observed?, More than 85% of nephrons must be nonfunctional., How does renal secondary hyperparathyroidism initially affect serum phosphorus concentration?, It tends to keep serum phosphorus within normal limits by increasing phosphorus excretion into the urine., Why can serum phosphorus concentrations be much higher in immature animals?, This is due to active bone growth., When is an endogenous creatinine clearance determination typically performed?, It is performed when renal disease is suspected but both BUN and serum creatinine concentrations are normal., Which method of GFR estimation is considered better than endogenous creatinine clearance in dogs?, Exogenous creatinine clearance is a better method., What is considered the 'gold standard' for measuring GFR, despite its practical limitations?, Inulin clearance is considered the gold standard for GFR measurement., What effect do large-molecular-weight solutes like glucose or mannitol have on the relationship between urine specific gravity and osmolality?, The urinary specific gravity will be disproportionately high compared with the osmolality., How does the fractional excretion of sodium differ between prerenal azotemia and primary renal disease?, It is very low in prerenal azotemia (sodium conservation) and higher than normal in primary renal disease., In evaluating chronic renal failure, what is the diagnostic advantage of measuring fractional excretion of phosphorus?, It offers no advantage in the diagnosis of chronic renal failure, but can be useful during treatment., What are two potential causes for a green colour in an animal's urine?, A green colour may be due to a Pseudomonas infection or the oxidation of bilirubin to biliverdin., Why is the urine of rabbits typically white and opaque?, It is due to the high concentration of calcium carbonate., What causes an ammonia odour in urine?, An ammonia odour is due to the release of ammonia by urease-producing bacteria., What is the minimum urine specific gravity (USG) expected in a dog or cat with any detectable dehydration?, The USG should be maximally concentrated, which is $\ge$1.040., What is the most accurate method for measuring urine specific gravity (USG)?, USG should be estimated by refractometry, as dipstrip methods are not accurate., What is a common cause of alkaline urine in carnivores related to eating?, The postprandial alkaline tide can cause alkaline urine., What is paradoxical aciduria?, It is the development of acidic urine during metabolic alkalosis with potassium and chloride depletion., A dipstick test for urine protein is more sensitive to _____ than to globulins., albumin, What finding in a urinalysis, in the absence of sediment abnormalities, suggests glomerular disease?, Persistent moderate or heavy proteinuria suggests glomerular disease., At what approximate plasma glucose concentrations does glucosuria appear in dogs and cats?, It appears if plasma glucose exceeds approximately 180 mg/dL in the dog and 300 mg/dL in the cat., What is the most common cause of ketonuria in companion animals?, The most common cause is diabetic ketoacidosis., Is it normal to find a small amount of bilirubin in the urine of a male dog? What about a cat?, A small amount may be normal in concentrated urine from male dogs, but it is not normally found in cat urine., What are the three potential sources indicated by a positive dipstick test for blood in urine?, The dipstick test does not differentiate between intact red blood cells (RBCs), haemoglobin, or myoglobin., What is the term for an excessive number of white blood cells (WBCs) in urine sediment, and what does it indicate?, It is called pyuria and indicates inflammation somewhere in the urinary tract or contamination from the genital tract., What type of epithelial cells are never normal to find in urine, and what conditions do they suggest?, Renal epithelial cells are never normal and suggest ischemic, nephrotoxic, or degenerative renal disease., What type of urinary cast has the least pathological significance and may form transiently with fever or exercise?, Hyaline casts have the least pathological significance., The presence of white cell casts in urine strongly suggests what condition?, White cell casts suggest pyelonephritis., What do waxy casts in urine sediment represent, and what do they suggest?, They represent the final stage of degeneration of granular casts and suggest advanced chronic renal disease., What type of urinary crystals are characteristically found in cases of acute renal failure due to ethylene glycol ingestion?, Oxalate monohydrate ('hippurate-like') crystals are found., The presence of urate crystals in the urine of a dog (non-Dalmatian) is associated with what two conditions?, Urate crystals are associated with liver disease and portosystemic shunt., At what percentage of body weight loss do clinical signs of dehydration become detectable?, Mild dehydration occurs with water loss of 5% to 6% of body weight, at which point signs become detectable., A patient with prolonged capillary refill time (>3 seconds), extreme loss of skin turgor, and cold extremities is likely suffering from what severity of dehydration?, This indicates severe dehydration, corresponding to a 10% to 12% loss of body weight., In _____ dehydration, more water than solute is lost, leading to an increase in sodium and chloride concentrations., hypertonic, In _____ dehydration, more solute than water is lost, leading to a decrease in sodium and chloride concentrations., hypotonic, In the context of acid-base disorders, a primary decrease in bicarbonate (HCO3) indicates what condition?, A primary decrease in bicarbonate indicates metabolic acidosis., In the context of acid-base disorders, a primary increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) indicates what condition?, A primary increase in PCO2 indicates respiratory acidosis., Which system provides faster compensation for acid-base disturbances: the respiratory system or the renal system?, The respiratory system provides faster compensation via changes in ventilation., What does the anion gap estimate?, It estimates changes in the unmeasured anions and cations without having to measure them., The osmolal gap is the difference between the actual measured serum osmolality and the _____ estimate of osmolality., calculated, In cases of ethylene glycol toxicity, what measurement correlates well with the concentration of ethylene glycol in serum?, The osmolal gap correlates well with the serum ethylene glycol concentration., What is the term for a falsely lowered sodium concentration measurement that occurs with hyperlipidaemia or hyperproteinaemia?, This is known as pseudohyponatraemia., Urinary loss of sodium is a key feature of what endocrine disorder?, Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's disease)., What is the principal intracellular cation, which is crucial for determining the resting cell membrane potential?, Potassium (K+) is the principal intracellular cation., Hypokalaemia is typically associated with what acid-base disturbance?, Hypokalaemia is typically associated with alkalosis., What is pseudohyperkalaemia, and in which dog breed is it a known phenomenon?, It is an in vitro translocation of potassium to plasma after blood collection, and it is known to occur in Akita dogs., Hyperkalaemia is typically associated with what acid-base disturbance?, Hyperkalaemia is typically associated with acidosis., What is the most common cause of ionized hypercalcaemia in dogs?, Neoplasia is the most common cause., What is the most common cause of ionized hypercalcaemia in cats?, Idiopathic hypercalcaemia is the most common cause., How does renal disease typically affect total calcium versus ionized calcium levels?, Renal disease is a common cause of elevated total calcium, but ionized calcium is typically normal to low., Primary hyperparathyroidism causes an elevation of both serum total and ionized calcium with a lack of suppression of what hormone?, It occurs with a lack of suppression of parathyroid hormone (PTH) production., In dogs and cats, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is present mostly in hepatocytes, but increases can also be seen with injury to what other tissue?, Increases can be seen with muscle injury, especially extensive injury., In horses and ruminants, which liver-specific leakage enzyme is preferable to AST for detecting hepatocyte injury?, Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) is preferable., Why is the increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in cholestatic disease in cats significantly less than in other species?, The half-life of ALP in cats is very short (about 6 hours)., In horses and ruminants, which enzyme is superior to ALP for the detection of cholestasis?, γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is superior to ALP for detecting cholestasis in these species., A markedly exaggerated postprandial bile acid concentration is a classic finding for what condition?, This is a classic finding for a portosystemic shunt., When does blood urea nitrogen (BUN) typically decrease in the context of liver disease?, BUN decreases with liver failure, as urea is synthesized in the liver from ammonia., In a young animal with markedly elevated bile acids but normal liver enzymes, what condition is highly suspected?, A portosystemic shunt is highly suspected., What is a characteristic haematological finding in animals with portosystemic shunts?, Microcytic anaemia with a low iron concentration is typical., In feline hepatic lipidosis, ALP is elevated in most cats, but what other induced enzyme is elevated in only a small number?, GGT is elevated in only a small number of cats with hepatic lipidosis., In steroid hepatopathy in dogs, leakage enzymes are mildly increased, while induced enzymes are _____ increased., markedly, If serum amylase is elevated more than three-fold above the upper reference limit in a dog, what condition is strongly suggested?, Pancreatic injury is strongly suggested., Administration of what type of drug can increase serum lipase five-fold in dogs, confounding the diagnosis of pancreatitis?, Corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone, can cause a marked increase in lipase., What is the most sensitive and specific test for pancreatitis in both dogs and cats?, Serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI) is the most sensitive and specific indicator., Serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI) is _____ in dogs and cats with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)., decreased, In cases of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, how are serum vitamin B12 and folate levels typically affected?, Vitamin B12 is decreased and folate is increased., A patient with hypoalbuminaemia and normal or increased globulins might be suffering from what renal condition?, Glomerular disease, which causes loss of albumin, is a possible cause., What is the only physiological state that causes hyperalbuminaemia?, Hyperalbuminaemia occurs only in dehydration., Polyclonal gammopathies are present with chronic antigenic stimulation, whereas monoclonal gammopathies are present with conditions like _____., multiple myeloma, Which muscle-specific enzyme rapidly increases after injury and returns to normal within 24 to 48 hours after the injury ceases?, Creatine kinase (CK)., How can one differentiate myoglobinuria from haemoglobinuria when a urine dipstick is positive for blood?, In myoglobinuria, the serum remains colourless to yellow, whereas in haemoglobinuria, the serum is red., What are HDL mammals, and what are some examples?, They are species in which most cholesterol is carried by HDLs; examples include dogs, cats, horses, and ruminants., Hyperchylomicronaemia in cats is due to a decrease in the activity of what enzyme?, It is due to a decrease in lipoprotein lipase activity., What is the most common cause of hyperglycaemia in cats seen in a clinical setting?, Stress is the most common cause of hyperglycaemia in cats., If a blood sample for glucose analysis is not separated from the cells within 30 minutes, what is the expected outcome?, Glycolysis by RBCs will result in a 10% glucose decrease per hour., What does a serum fructosamine measurement reflect?, It reflects the average blood glucose concentration over the previous 5 to 8 days., What does a glycated haemoglobin measurement reflect?, It reflects the average blood glucose over the lifespan of the red blood cell (e.g., 8-12 weeks in dogs)., Term: Sensitivity (of a diagnostic test), Definition: The ability of a test to correctly identify individuals who have a specific disease., Term: Specificity (of a diagnostic test), Definition: The ability of a test to correctly identify individuals who do not have a specific disease..

RENAL FUNCTION FLASHCARDS

per en/la
Imprimir
Incrustar

Tauler de classificació

Estil visual

Opcions

Canvia de fonament

)
Restaurar desada automàtica: ?