Point out the confusion between formative and summative assessment; propose maintaining a balance between the two; use the driving test analogy to explain the function of summative assessment., Garrison & Ehringhaus, Earl & Katz (2006), Yigzaw (2013), Describe how to plan and communicate summative assessment; identify teaching practices that strengthen assessment of learning., Garrison & Ehringhaus, Earl & Katz (2006), Lado (1961), Explains advantages and limitations of continuous assessment; highlights the need for teacher training to implement it effectively., Lado (1961), Earl & Katz (2006), Yigzaw (2013), Defines types of validity; explains how they relate to score interpretation and test quality., Educational Testing Service (ETS) 2013, Earl & Katz 2006, Proposes steps to maximize validity in language tests; emphasizes the importance of linguistically accurate lists of learning problems, item piloting, and statistical analysis; defines reliability as consistency of results., Lado (1961), Cheng (1997), Ur, Introduce the concept of washback; propose hypotheses about how tests influence teaching and learning., Lado (1961), Alderson & Wall (1993), Fulcher  (2010), Analyzes the impact of including speaking tasks in public exams; shows how this changes teaching practices and curricular priorities., Cheng (1997), Filcher (2010), Lado (1961), Explains reliability as an essential quality of standardized tests; analyzes consistency, validity, and fairness in language testing., Fulcher (2010/2013), Lado (1961), Cheng (1997).

Key Concepts Summative Testing

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