Immediate, The operand value is stored inside the instruction itself as a constant (no memory access is needed to get the operand)., Direct, The instruction contains a memory address; the CPU uses that address directly to read the operand from memory., Indirect (memory indirect), The instruction points to a memory location that contains another address; the CPU first reads that “pointer” address from memory, then uses it to fetch the operand., Register-direct, The operand is found inside a CPU register named in the instruction; the operation uses the register value directly., Register-indirect, A CPU register holds the memory address of the operand; the CPU uses the register as a pointer to access memory., Relative (PC-relative), The instruction contains a signed offset; the CPU adds it to the address of the next instruction (PC) to compute the target address (commonly for branches)., Indexed, The instruction provides a base/displacement, and the CPU adds an index register (optionally scaled) to compute the effective address (commonly for arrays)..

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