Ontology, Assumptions about what exists and what reality is like, Epistemology, Assumptions about knowledge, including how we can know and what counts as credible evidence., Methodology, The overall logic and rationale that connects a research question to evidence, analysis and claims., Methods, Concrete techniques used to collect or generate and analyse evidence., Paradigm, A framework of assumptions about reality, knowledge, valid problems and standards of proof., Induction, Reasoning from observations or cases towards patterns, concepts or general propositions., Deduction, Reasoning from theory towards hypotheses or expectations that can be examined with evidence., Positivism, An epistemological position that seeks observable regularities and objective knowledge, often modelled on natural science., Interpretivism, An epistemological position that seeks to understand the meanings people give to action and experience., Constructivism, The view that social reality and meaning are produced and revised through social interaction, Objectivism, The view that social phenomena have an existence independent of particular social actors., Operationalisation, Turning an abstract concept into specific indicators or procedures for observation and measurement, Correlation, A statistical association in which variables vary together, Spurious correlation, An association that does not reflect the causal relationship it appears to suggest., Epistemic violence, Harm produced when dominant knowledge systems silence, distort or displace other ways of knowing., Kaupapa Maori, A Maori way or agenda and a research paradigm grounded in Maori ways of being, knowing and acting, Positionality, Reflection on how a researcher’s identity, location, relationships and power shape the research process, Mixed methods, A coherent design that integrates qualitative and quantitative components to answer a research question., Reliability, The same procedure repeats the same result, Validity, The measure captures what it claims to, Subjectivism, Reality arise from actors' perceptions, Causation, One variable produces or is the cause of another variable or phenomenon, Phenomenology, An epistemological position that seeks to understand people’s lived experiences and the meanings they attach to them

Vocabulary - Tutorial 2

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