structure - Things with a defined function (bridge), Natural Structures - Not made by people (feathers, sand dunes), Manufactured Structures - Things that are build by people (Calgary Tower, spoon), Forces - Push, pull or anything that changes the motion (gravity)of an object, Load - The weight carried or supported by a structure (wrecking ball, bridge, Eifel Tower)), Mass structures - Made by piling up or forming similar materials into a shape (dams, brick wall, bread), Frame Structures - Skeleton of materials that support the weight of a structure (house frame), Shell Structures - Objects strong and hollow that have a thin outer layer shaped to provide strength. Do not have frame inside (igloos, turtle shell), Function - The job the structure is designed to do (train bridge designed to support the weight/load of the train), Aesthetics - Make a structure look good. Best designs serve purpose and look good (beauty)good, Safety - Structures build with large margin of safety to be able to deal with more forces and loads than ever needed (bridge designed to hold much more weight than it ever would need to), Balance costs with safety - Well-built projects are not too expensive but are still safe to use., Materials - Properties of materials are matched with purpose of structure (don't build car bridge out of rubber), Composite materials - Made from >1 material (reinforced concrete that also has steel rods), Layered Materials - Layers of different materials pressed or glued together (laminations - layers of juice box container, paper, plastic & aluminum foil = lightweight, waterproof & air tight), Woven & knit materials - Weaving and knitting make flexible materials (yarn, dish cloths), Engineers must consider what 4 things when deciding on materials - (1) Cost, (2) Appearance, (3) Environmental Impact, (4) Energy efficiency, Joints - Where structures parts join together , Mobile joints - Holds parts together while still allowing movement (elbow, door hinge), Rigid joints - attach parts of a structure with out allowing movement, 5 types of rigid joints - (1) fasteners (nails, bolts, screws), (2) Interlocking shapes (Lego bricks, pavement stones); (3) Ties (thread, string, rope); (4) Adhesives (glues thermostatic); (5) Melting (welding or soldering))), Mass - Measurement of the amount in an object, Balance - Most common type of measuring instrument, Forces - Pushes or pulls, Newton - small force just enough to stretch a thick rubber band, Force meter - Laboratory instrument to measure forces, Gravitational Force - Force exerted by gravity upon an object. Measured in Newtons (Also called weight), Form diagram - Simple picture that uses arrows to show the direction of one or more forces, External Forces - Stresses that act on the structure from outside (kiscking a soccer ball), Internal Forces - Stresses put on the materials of a structure from the inside out (Internal forces are the result of external forces), Deformation - A change of structure shape due to internal stresses, Dead Load (external force) - a permanent force acting on a structure that over time causes the structure to tilt, sag, or pull apart, Live Load (external force) - changing or non-permanent force acting on a structure (snow that has fallen onto a bridge), Tension forces (internal force) - stretch the material by pulling its ends apart , Sheer forces (internal forces) - bend or tear material by pressing different parts in opposite directions at the same time, compression forces (internal) - crush material by squeezing together, torsion forces (internal) - twist material by turning ends in opposite directions, bending forces (internal) - combination of tension & twisting forces (blender),

Rizvi Structures and Forces

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