Voltaire - supported the use of human reason; poked fun at traditional authority in society, govt and the church From France; Wanted reforms Believed in freedom of speech and religion In the US, influenced the Bill of Rights - 1st Amendment: freedom of speech and opinion & religion, Baron de Montesquieu - From France; Studied Government Rejected the idea of an absolute ruler Believed in the separation of powers so no one person or group had too much power Believed in checks and balances In the US, we have three branches of government that check and balance each other, Jean Jaqcues Rosseau - From France; Studied Politics Wrote about Social Contract Believed people were born moral and good but learned how to be evil Believed citizens should be committed to doing what is good for the group In US, helped settle revolts- what is good for the group, John Locke - From England; Studied Government, Believed in Natural Rights- Life, Liberty, and Property, Believed men were equal, moral and reasonable, Believed in loyalty to king and country (nationalism), However, if a leader was not giving natural rights, citizens did have the right to overthrow the government, Ideas in US- the American Revolution, documents like the Declaration of Independence, Adam Smith - Father of capitalism, Explained how competition helped to guide a free-market system, Atgued for a laissez-faire policy toward the economy , Mary Wollstonescraft - From England; women’s rights Believed girls and boys should both receive the same education In US, her ideas did not come to pass until 1920 with the passage of the 19th Amendment, Cesare Beccaria - An Italian criminologist He argued that people accused of crimes had certain rights, and he advocated abolishing torture. In US, Guaranteed in the Bill of Rights , torture was outlawed by the 8th amendment, Thomas Hobbes - From England; Studied Government; Wrote the book Leviathan Believed all men were naturally bad, greedy & evil Social Contract- Believed we need laws & strong leaders to keep order Punishment for those who break laws Where we see his influence in the US, we give-up some liberties for order, Nicolaus Copernicus - Renaissance mathematician and astronomer, proposed the heliocentric model of the universe challenging the geocentric view by suggesting that the Sun, not Earth, was the center, sparking a scientific revolution and reshaping our understanding of the cosmos., Galileo - championed heliocentrism and made significant astronomical observations using the telescope, including the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus, challenging prevailing geocentric beliefs and promoting the Copernican model despite facing opposition from religious authorities, Andreas Vesalius - revolutionized the study of human anatomy with his groundbreaking work "De humani corporis fabrica," which detailed accurate anatomical illustrations based on dissections, challenging the traditional teachings of Galen and laying the foundation for modern anatomy, Francis Bacon - advocated for the advancement of science through empirical observation and inductive reasoning in his seminal works such as "Novum Organum," promoting the scientific method and emphasizing the importance of experimentation and systematic inquiry in the pursuit of knowledge, Rene Descartes - famously proposed his method of doubt, questioning all knowledge until finding indubitable truths, leading to his famous dictum "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am"), which laid the foundation for modern rationalism., Johannes Kepler - described the elliptical orbits of planets around the Sun and the relationship between their orbital periods and distances from the Sun, laying the groundwork for Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek - developing the microscope and making groundbreaking observations of microscopic life forms. meticulously observed various microorganisms, including bacteria, protists, and sperm cells, Isaac Newton - introduced his laws of motion and the universal law of gravitation, which explained the motion of objects on Earth and in the heavens, Robert Boyle - laid the groundwork for the development of modern chemistry by advocating for the experimental method and the idea of chemical elements as fundamental building blocks of matter. inversely proportional relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas, contributing to the field of thermodynamics.,

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