Freedmen’s Bureau - helped black Southerners adjust to freedom, 13th Amendment - officially ended slavery in America, 14th Amendment - gave citizenship to freedmen and required that states give everyone due process and equal protection, 15th Amendment  - granted African American men the right to vote (suffrage), Hiram Rhodes Revels - the first black man to serve in the U.S. Congress, Sharecropping  - a system where the landlord allows a tenant to use land in exchange for a share of the crop, Transcontinental Railroad  - connected the country coast to coast, Effects of the War of 1812 - Patriotism, respect, and manufacturing, Industrial Revolution - the transition from creating goods by hand to using machines, Cotton gin - a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, Interchangeable parts  - parts (components) that are identical for practical purposes., Free enterprise - an economic system in which private business operates in competition and largely free of state control., Women in the Industrial Revolution - Lowell Mill girls were the first major labor group to work in the factory system in the North, Canals - artificial waterways are waterways or engineered channels built for drainage management or for conveyancing water transport vehicles, Steamboat and railroads - reduced the cost and time of the journey, produced growth in manufacturing, encouraged western settlement, and led to increased foreign trade., Telegraph - transmitting and receiving messages over long distances, i.e., for telegraphy. The word telegraph alone generally refe, Urbanization - Urbanization is the population shift from rural to urban areas, Immigrants - a person living in a country other than that of his or her birth, Missouri Compromise - drew a line from east to west along the 36th parallel, dividing the nation into competing halves—half free, half slave., Manifest Destiny  - the idea that white Americans were divinely ordained to settle the entire continent of North America., Oregon Territory  - On August 14, 1848 the United States congress approved the formation of the Oregon Territory. At the time the Oregon Territory included all of the present day states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and parts of Montana and Wyoming, U.S.-Mexican War - a disputed boundary between the United States and Texas on the Nueces Strip, Mexican Cession - Mexico ceded to the United States Upper California and New Mexico, California Gold Rush - The California gold rush was a gold rush that began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California, Second Great Awakening - The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival during the late 18th to early 19th century, Dorothea Dix - American advocate on behalf of the indigent mentally ill who, through a vigorous and sustained program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums, Temperance movement  - first urged moderation, then encouraged drinkers to help each other to resist temptation, and ultimately demanded that local, state, and national governments prohibit alcohol outright, Abolitionist  - Abolitionism, or the abolitionist movement, is the movement to end slavery and liberate slaves around the world, Transcendentalism - an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of humanity, and the supremacy of insight over logic, Women’s rights movement - a movement to extend the right to vote (suffrage) to women,

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