A territory with its own government and borders enjoying freedom from external control., state, government , nation, Inhabitants of the state., citizen , people, Fixed portion of the surface of the earth, government, territory, nation, The agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed, and carried out., nation, government, state, The supreme power of the state to command., sovereignty , sovereign , sovereignity, Community of people formed based on a combination of shared features such as language, history, ethnicity, culture, and/or territory., nation, territory, government , Created by God., divine right, paternal theory, Growth of the family., paternal theory, social contract , force theory , Agreed by all for the common benefit., contract, social contract, social, Established through use of force., force theory, theory of force, force, Where laws are made, and policies and programs for the state are formulated., government , Presidential, parliamentary, Power directed to people, domocracy, monarchy, presidential, Ruled by kings, queens, etc. Either absolute or limited., monarchy, authoritative , presidenial, Ruled by a few elites., aristocracy/oligarchy, dictatorial, authoritarian, Power rests on a single person and people do not enjoy freedom., democracy, dictatorian, presidential , Head of state and government is the president, the legislative and executive are independent, and the executive is directly accountable to people., presidential , parliamentary, monarchy, Head of government is the prime minister, executive is not independent from the legislative, and the executive is directly accountable to the Parliament., parliamentary , presidential, dicatarorial, Several families living together usually have a common interest or enemy., bands and tribes, chiefdoms, authority, A more refined form of bands and tribes., band tribes, chiefdoms, The power to make binding decisions and issue commands., legistimacy, authoritarian , A moral and ethical concept that bestows one who possesses power the right to exercise such power since such is perceived to be justified and power., legitimacy, authoritarian , Reciprocity exists when there is an exchange of goods or labor between individuals in a community, market inst, nonmarket inst, Allows the free flow of goods between and among private individuals and firms with very limited participation from the government., market, market inst, non market inst, The economy relies on the central government., commant/socialist, trade, international trade, Economic institutions are not only confined to one specific territory or geographic location., local trade, international trade, International actors who are largely or completely autonomous from the state., state , nonstate, A financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates credit., bank, corporations, cooperative , A legal entity that is separate and distinct from its owners., cooperative, corporations , These organizations of workers have come together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, achieving higher pay and benefits such as health care and retirement, increasing the number of employees, and better working conditions., cooperative, trade labor union, The process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits., education, socialization, A process of learning the attitudes, values, and behaviors that are expected from an individual as a member of society., socialization, social, educ, The major means used by the state is to educate most of the population., formal, nonformal, When young people interact with adults or with their parents, they are learning the culture of the group., informal , nonformal, Pertains to the lifelong learning process of an individual, one’s acquisition of values, skills, and knowledge from his/her daily experiences in society., informal, formal, The intended function of social policies, processes, or actions that are consciously and deliberately designed to be beneficial in its effect on society., manifest, latent, A function that is not consciously intended, but that, nonetheless, has a beneficial effect on society., latent, manifest, Nowadays, a diploma from a university or college is becoming a common requirement for a person to get into the paid labor sector., credentials, credentialism, Many parents send their children to top-notch schools and universities to get the same top-notch status., bestuwal of status, bestowal of status, The hierarchical structures and status in any society., social stratification, social class, Major premises, property,money,predtige, prestige,property,power, money,power,property, A status hierarchy in which individuals and groups are classified on the basis of esteem and prestige acquired mainly through economic success and accumulation of wealth., social class, social stratification , Composed of the wealthiest members of society, who also wield the greatest political power., upper , middle, lower, Comprises the farm employees, unskilled and skilled artisans, service workers, lowly paid clerks and office workers, daily paid casuals and seasonal workers, the underemployed and indigent families, the mendicants, the rural and urban poor, and those engaged in the underground economy., middle, lower, Refers to professionals, highly skilled workers, small industry owners, farm owners, entertainers, overseas contract workers, and small business entrepreneurs whose incomes provide a comfortable lifestyle., higher, middle, upper, Results from a society organized by hierarchies of class, race, and gender that unequally distribute access to resources and rights., social status, social equality , social inequality , Unequal access to opportunities., equality, inequality , equity, Custom tools that identify and address inequality., equity, equality, Evenly distributed tools and assistance., equity, equality, justice, Fixing the system to offer equal access to both tools and opportunities., justice, equity, inequality , This theory posits that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes., reductionism, determinism , holism, This view asserts that entities of a given kind are identical to, or are collections or combinations of, entities of another (often simpler or more basic) kind., reductionism , holism, Gestalt psychology which looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole., holism, detrminism, Participation of both the state and civil society maintains social and political order., governance, government, command, Failed to be welfare oriented, command, governance, classic government, A policy that resulted in economic and political marginalization.command and control, command and control, classic government, governance, A response to the old policy (Command and Control), aiming for sustainable societal development., participatory government , classic hovernance, Handing over responsibilities from national to local governments or to a parastatal., decentralization , state department , state decentralization , Can be in the form of privatization or Local Government Units (LGUs)., civil citizens , civil society , civil society decentralization , Dynamic management that learns from mistakes., adaptive management , management , Partnership between agencies and other sectors of civil society., collaborative, adaptive, developing collective action of a significant portion of members of a major social category, social movements , social media, outrage, social movement that emerged as a reaction to the excesses of modernity and capitalism., environmental , environmentalists , environmentalism, Believes that humans and their societies are different from nature and should harmonize with their surroundings., ecocentric, technocentric, About controlling and managing the environment separate from humans and their systems., technocentric, technocentrism, social movement that addresses the situation of women in society., feminist, feminism, Believe in moral equality of all humans and that any unequal treatment of woman denies this., marxist, liberal, radical, Believe that biological and sexual differences between men and women have been made the basis of women’s oppression., the word ‘radical’ means ‘of or relating to the root., social, radical, marxist, Argue that women are oppressed due to their relegation to the domestic sphere, therefore dependent forms of labor., liberal, marxist, cultural, Hold the belief that women, like nature, have been systematically oppressed by patriarchal development and systems of knowledge., social, cultural, marxist, Believe that a complex web of social relationships underlies the oppression of women, social, cultural.

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