What is an infectious disease? - A disease that can be spread from person to person via disease-causing agents called pathogens., What is a non-infectious disease? - A disease that cannot be spread from person to person and is typically caused by lifestyle or environmental factors., Give three examples of infectious diseases. - Influenza, pneumococcal disease, AIDS, Give three examples of non-infectious diseases. - Cancer, diabetes, coronary heart disease, What are the three ways an infectious disease can be spread? - 1. Through droplets in the air; 2. Via direct contact; 3. Through contaminated food and water, How can we prevent transmission of diseases that spread through droplets in the air? - Wear a mask; cough / sneeze into the insides of the elbow, How can we prevent transmission of diseases that spread through direct contact? - Clean our hands with sanitisers or soap; clean surfaces that are constantly being touched by people, How can we prevent transmission of diseases that spread through contaminated food and water? - Ensure food is cooked through; drink only clean water; dispose of food and water that has been left out for extended periods without refrigeration, How is the influenza virus spread from person to person? - Through droplets in the air or direct contact with contaminated surfaces., How is the pneumococcus bacteria spread from person to person? - Through droplets in the air., What are some signs and symptoms of influenza? - High fever, sore throat, stuffy nose, cough, headache, muscle ache, What are some signs and symptoms of pneumococcal disease? - Fever, headache, vomiting, cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, photophobia, What is a vaccine? - A vaccine is an agent that resembles a pathogen and prevents infectious diseases by stimulating white blood cells to quickly produce antibodies when the pathogen invades., How does a vaccine work? - When the vaccine is administered, white blood cells bind to the antigen of the vaccine and divide, producing more white blood cells that can produce antibodies specific to the pathogen. When the person is infected by the same pathogen again, white blood cells that remain after the vaccination recognise the pathogen's antigen and divide quickly to produce more white blood cells that produce antibodies rapidly., What is an antibiotic? - An antibiotic is a chemical substance that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria., How can an antibiotic kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria? - 1. Inhibit cell wall synthesis; 2. Inhibit cell membrane function; 3. Inhibit bacteria ribosomes; 4. Inhibit bacteria enzyme function, Why are antibiotics ineffective against viruses? - Antibiotics target the (1) bacterial cell wall, (2) bacterial cell membrane or (3) bacterial ribosomes, which are all not present in a virus., Are vaccinations and antibiotics preventive methods or treatment methods? - Vaccination is a prevention method whereas antibiotics are a treatment method., How does antibiotic resistance arise? - A population of bacteria has some bacteria that are more resistant to the antibiotic than others. When the antibiotic is used, the less sensitive bacteria survive and reproduce, passing on their resistance to successive generations of bacteria. This causes the bacteria population to become more resistant to the antibiotic., How can antibiotic resistance be avoided? - 1. Do not overuse or misuse antibiotics; 2. Complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed to ensure all the pathogenic bacteria are killed; 3. Use antibiotics only when necessary,

Infectious Diseases in Humans - Flash cards

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