Engel v. Vitale: Establishment Clause, Separation of church & state, SCOTUS ruled state-sponsored prayer in public schools was unconstitutional., “Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, & we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers, & our country”, Wisconsin v. Yoder: Free Exercise Clause, Religion cannot make an act legal that would otherwise be illegal, Families did not want their children exposed to divergent values & practices at the public school., Students will continue an informal vocational education which would NOT make them burdens on society., Tinker v. Des Moines: Students planned to wear black armbands to school, protesting the Vietnam War., Symbolic Speech, Your 1st Amendment right is protected in school as long as it does not cause a disruption., Students suspension failed the “content-neutral” criterion: They wanted to quiet the students’ anti-war message to avoid possible disruptions., Schenck v. United States: Espionage Act of 1917 prohibited forms of dissent deemed to be harmful to the nation’s war effort in World War 1., 15,000 leaflets were sent to potential draftees comparing military conscription to slavery and urged his readers to “assert your rights” by resisting the military draft, “Clear-and-present-danger” test: The balancing act between competing demands of free expression and a government needing to protect a free society., While in peacetime such flyers could be construed as harmless speech, in times of war they could be construed as acts of national insubordination., NY Times v. US: 7,000 pages of top-secret information detailing America’s entrance into the Vietnam War and revealed government deception., Prior Restraint: The right to stop spoken or printed expression in advance., SCOTUS reasoned that since publication would not cause an inevitable, direct, & immediate event imperiling the safety of American forces, prior restraint was unjustified., "Pentagon Papers", McDonald v. Chicago: Selective Incorporation, “...nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law;, The 14th amendment allows SCOTUS to rule on a STATE law if it violates the Bill of Rights., Argued restrictive gun laws infringed on people's rights to own guns., Gideon v. Wainwright: Florida state law said an attorney may only be appointed to an indigent defendant in capital cases,, “If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you”, SCOTUS held that the accused have the right to have access to an attorney in both federal & state prosecutions., 14th amendment’s due process clause requires states to follow the 6th amendment., Brown v. Board of Education: Unequal schools (financially, location convenience, etc) created differences between black & white school children’s education. , Integration was the only way to achieve equality, acial segregation in public education has a detrimental effect on minority children because it is interpreted as a sign of inferiority., Overturned “separate but equal”,

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