What are the key characteristics of modernization? - Linear development, increased scientific and technical knowledge, rising affluence, rational societal organization, and greater human s, How does modernization impact society? - Leads to industrialization, urbanization, education, wealth, globalization, increased communication, and a decrease in family structures., What does evolutionism suggest in social thought? - Societies progress in stages and can be classified hierarchically based on development., How did Jared Diamond explain societal development in Guns, Germs, and Steel? - Through agriculture, religion, germs, weapons, and geography., What did Weber believe was the cause of modern capitalism? - Rationalization and demystification of the world., What role did Calvinism play in capitalism, according to Weber? - Encouraged a work ethic that justified economic gain, thriftiness, and discouraged wastefulness and luxury., What are the five stages of economic growth according to Rostow? - 1. Traditional society – subsistence agriculture, little trade. 2. Pre-conditions for takeoff – external demand, cash crops, emerging national identity. 3. Takeoff – industrialization, mechanized agriculture. 4. Drive to maturity – diversification, infrastructure investment. 5. High mass consumption – widespread consumer goods, urban society, What is dependency theory? - A critique of modernization theory that suggests development is not parallel and that the global economic system creates dependencies that hinder growth., What were the key ideas of Walter Rodney? - The inclusion of the periphery into the capitalist system caused underdevelopment., What were the contributions of Kwame Nkrumah? - Advocated Pan-Africanism, saw independence as a path to development, and opposed capitalism., What was Julius Nyerere’s approach to governance? - Advocated socialism with African traditions, promoted self-reliance, and attempted villagization., What is the central idea of World Systems Theory? - The world is one large economy composed of interconnected smaller economies, where division of labor creates global inequalities., What are the four levels in Wallerstein’s World System? - Core, Semi-periphery, Periphery, and Outside., What are the characteristics of core countries? - Highly developed, strong governments, capital-intensive production, economically diverse, politically and militarily powerful., What defines semi-peripheral countries? - They seek to join core countries, have a mix of industries, are peripheral to the core but central to the periphery., How are peripheral countries classified? - They have little economic diversity, weak governments, focus on basic goods and raw materials, and attract external investments., How does Wallerstein view globalization? - He argues that globalization is not necessarily positive and has long been part of historical economic structures., What were the key institutions of the Bretton Woods system (1944)? - The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (now the World Bank)., What are the core principles of free trade? - Privatization, deregulation, limited government involvement, and global market expansion., How did different colonial powers incorporate African states? - France: direct colony, part of France, some citizenship rights; Britain: indirect rule through local structures, no citizenship rights; Belgium: ruled as private property of the crown, exploitative., What are the two main approaches to development? - Modernization Theory (linear, universal, top-down) and Dependency Theory (unequal, external influences, diverse outcomes)., How does J.P. Olivier de Sardan view development? - He sees it as a process of study rather than a fixed goal, shaped by power struggles and ideologies., What are the key reasons Banerjee and Duflo give for why the poor remain poor? - Limited income, little investment, non-optimal spending, low education, and lack of employment development., How does Pardo explain informality in the economy? - Governments overlook informal sectors, distrust in government leads to illegal activities, and legalizing informality could be beneficial., What are the key points from Stiglitz’s The Price of Inequality? - Inequality is self-perpetuating; The wealthy maintain power through political control; Rent-seeking behavior (monopolies, low taxes) contributes to inequality; Free markets need regulation to be fair., How do Gregson and Crang (2017) describe illicit economies? - They exist in a moral and legal grey area, are often tolerated, and focus on profit over legality., What are the three key areas of focus in the research on undocumented migrants? - 1. Livelihood Strategies – employment, migration, housing. 2. Entrepreneurial Climbing – strategies for success in legal/illegal networks. 3. Transnational Social Networks – home government and cross-border support., What are some expected findings of the research on undocumented migrants? - Decision-making behind migration; Coping strategies for living undocumented; Social and labor networks that support them; How they define success in their situation., What are the challenges in researching undocumented migrant workers? - Time-intensive research design; Gaining trust from participants; Collaborating with organizations like Vluchtelingenwerk and the Amsterdam municipality; Scaling the research while maintaining sensitivity.,

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