IPv4 - 32-bit address (e.g., 192.168.1.1), IPv6 - 128-bit address (e.g., 2001:0db8::1), Private IP Ranges - 10.x.x.x, 172.16.x.x – 172.31.x.x, 192.168.x.x, Public IP - Globally routable on the internet, CIDR Notation - Classless addressing (e.g., /24), Subnet Mask - Separates network/host portion, Default Gateway - Routes traffic outside local network, Loopback Address - 127.0.0.1 (tests TCP/IP stack), APIPA - Automatic IP if DHCP fails (169.254.x.x), Binary Conversion - Needed for subnetting and class identification,

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