GRAND THEORY: A nurse uses a model that explains nursing as a process of energy exchange between human beings and the environment. It provides a universal worldview of nursing, but no specific steps for interventions., A theoretical model describes nursing as assisting individuals with 14 basic human needs until they can meet those needs on their own. It offers a foundation for all nursing practice, regardless of setting., A nursing theory used across decades defines nursing as assisting individuals in achieving adaptation in four modes: physiologic, self-concept, role function, and interdependence. It is broad but offers structure for care planning., A theory explains that nursing exists to help individuals regain independence through activities they would do for themselves if they had the strength or knowledge. It includes assessment of self-care deficits., MIDDLE-RANGE THEORY: A nurse educator uses a theory on interpersonal communication to guide how students interact with patients in the clinical setting. It includes phases like orientation, working, and resolution., A nurse researcher studies how hope affects cancer patients' recovery by using a theory that defines hope as a measurable nursing concept. The theory was developed to predict patient behavior and outcomes., A nurse practitioner follows a theory that focuses on the concept of caring as a healing relationship. It includes ten carative factors such as promoting faith-hope and cultivating sensitivity to others., A community health nurse uses a theory that outlines cultural universality and diversity in care. It helps guide decision-making about health practices based on the client’s culture and beliefs., PRACTICE-LEVEL THEORY: A surgical unit follows a protocol developed by senior nurses for managing post-op nausea using aromatherapy. It’s specific to their department and based on their outcomes data., In a neonatal ICU, nurses follow a structured intervention model to support kangaroo mother care. This model was developed based on clinical experience and focuses solely on neonatal bonding practices., A wound care team in a tertiary hospital developed a model based on clinical outcomes to guide the timing and selection of dressings for diabetic foot ulcers. It is used only in their facility and was created to reduce infection rates., A nurse in a rural maternal health clinic uses a checklist-based framework to support teenage mothers during their first postnatal visit. It includes specific language and step-by-step instructions unique to that clinic’s patient population.,

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