Alleles - Different variations of the same gene eg. blue, green, brown eye colours, Gene Pool - All of the different alleles present in an interbreeding population, Species - A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and making fertile offspring, Speciation - Process of making new species via evolution, Fitness - Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce, Mutation - Permanent change in the base pair sequence of a gene that can make completely new alleles, Genetic Drift - Random loss of alleles from a population this mostly impacts small populations, Bottleneck - Sudden catastrophic reduction in size of a population due to a chance random event (eg. landslide) that leads to loss of alleles from a gene pool, Founders event - When a small subsample of a bigger population moves to a new location leading to loss of alleles in the new gene pool, Gene Flow - Movement of alleles in and out of a gene pool due to migration, Sexual Selection - Change in allele frequency due to non random "picky" mating, alleles that code for attractive traits increase in frequency over time, Natural Selection - Increase in frequency of alleles that code for traits that increase survival against an environmental pressure eg. predators that hunt by sight leads to increase in alleles for good camouflage, Allele Frequency - Percentage popularity of an allele in a gene pool eg. 50% green eyes, Genetic Variation - The diversity of different alleles in a gene pool, Selection Pressure - Anything in the environment that leads to sorting of a population into individuals with higher fitness and individuals with lower fitness eg. herbivores, predators, disease, Directional Selection - When one extreme phenotype gets selected for eg. antibiotic resistance, Disruptive Selection - When two different extreme phenotypes get selected for at the same time eg. rock hopper mouse coat colours, Stabilizing Selection - When the middle/average phenotype gets selected for eg. human head size,

Processes in Evolution & Speciation

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