What is Statistics? - Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data to make decisions., What are examples of statistics? - Examples of statistics include survey results, like the percentage of people preferring a certain soda brand or a specific percentage of women who believe global warming is occurring, as well as numerical data such as average income, crime rates, life expectancy, or the number of students passing an exam, and even computed values like the median household income or the average life expectancy for a group, What is a statistic? - A statistic is a number that summarizes a sample from a larger population, such as the sample average or median., What are the two main branches of statistics? - Descriptive statistics (summarizes data) and inferential statistics (draws conclusions from data)., What is a population in statistics? - The entire group of individuals or items that we want to study., What is a sample? - A smaller subset of the population that is actually studied., What is the difference between a parameter and a statistic? - A parameter describes a characteristic of a population, while a statistic describes a characteristic of a sample., What is a variable? - A characteristic that can take on different values for different individuals (e.g., age, height, income)., What are the four levels of measurement? - Nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio., Give an example of nominal data. - Types of fruits (apple, orange, banana)., Give an example of ordinal data. - Class rankings (1st, 2nd, 3rd)., Give an example of interval data. - Temperature in Celsius (differences are meaningful, but no true zero)., Give an example of ratio data. - Weight or height (differences and ratios are meaningful, has a true zero)., What is the mean? - The arithmetic average, found by adding all values and dividing by the number of values., What is the median? - The middle value when data is ordered; if even number of values, average the two middle ones., What is the mode? - The value that occurs most frequently in a data set., What is the range? - The difference between the maximum and minimum values in a data set., What does standard deviation measure? - The average distance of data points from the mean (a measure of spread/variability)., What is a histogram? - A graphical display of data using bars to show frequency distributions., What is a probability? - A measure of the likelihood that an event will occur, ranging from 0 to 1., What is the difference between correlation and causation? - Correlation measures the relationship between two variables, but does not imply one causes the other., What is a hypothesis test? - A statistical procedure to decide whether there is enough evidence to support a claim about a population.,

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