Identify the differences between plant and animal cells in this diagram. - Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts; animal cells do not., Which process happens here, and what is produced? - Cellular respiration; ATP is produced., Where does photosynthesis take place and what are its products? - Chloroplast; produces glucose and oxygen., What is this molecule’s main function? - Stores genetic information and controls heredity., What’s the function of stomata in the leaf? - Control gas exchange (CO₂ in, O₂ out)., What is the expected ratio of offspring phenotypes? - 3 yellow:1 green (if Y=yellow dominant)., Who are the producers and decomposers in this web? - Producers (usually plants); decomposers (fungi, bacteria)., Name two functions of the stomach in digestion. - Breaks down food mechanically and chemically with acid/enzymes., What gas exchange occurs at the alveoli? - O₂ enters blood, CO₂ leaves blood., What is the direction of signal transmission in a neuron? - Dendrites → cell body → axon → synapse., What is a food web? - A network of interconnected food chains showing energy flow in an ecosystem., Define homeostasis. - The maintenance of stable internal conditions in an organism., What is an adaptation? - A trait evolved by natural selection that improves an organism’s survival., Briefly state Mendel's contribution to genetics. - Proposed the principles of inheritance through dominant and recessive traits., What is the purpose of cellular respiration? - To obtain energy from food by converting glucose into ATP., Name a chemical property of water essential for life. - Water is a universal solvent due to its polarity and forms hydrogen bonds., Which molecule carries genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis? - mRNA (messenger RNA), What system in the human body regulates hormones? - Endocrine system, What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? - Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus; prokaryotic cells do not., What is natural selection? - The process where organisms better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce., What is the role of DNA in living organisms? - DNA stores genetic information and controls heredity., What is the basic unit of life? - Cell, What process do plants use to convert sunlight into food? - Photosynthesis, Which cell organelle is the "powerhouse of the cell"? - Mitochondria, What are the five unifying themes in biology? - Evolution, Energy Transformations, Information Flow, Structure-Function Relationships, Interconnections within Systems, What are enzymes? - Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions., Which organelle synthesizes proteins in the cell? - Ribosome, What process provides energy by breaking down glucose? - Cellular respiration, What cell structure controls movement in and out of the cell? - Plasma (cell) membrane, What is ATP? - Adenosine triphosphate, the main energy currency in cells., What pigment captures light energy in photosynthesis? - Chlorophyll, What cell division produces identical daughter cells? - Mitosis, Which cell division produces gametes? - Meiosis, What is the role of mRNA? - Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosome for protein synthesis., Define a gene. - A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein or trait., What is a dominant allele? - An allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele when present., Name the process that moves water through a plant’s xylem. - Transpiration, What is homeostasis? - Maintaining a stable internal environment, Which system defends the body against infection? - Immune system, What regulates blood sugar levels? - Insulin (hormone), What are producers in an ecosystem? - Organisms (like plants) that make their own food through photosynthesis., Which organ filters blood and forms urine? - Kidney, Name the universal solvent in living systems. - Water, What is genetic drift? - Random change in allele frequencies in a population., What does the Golgi apparatus do? - Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids., What’s the main function of phloem in plants? - Transports sugars from leaves to other parts., What type of cells lack a nucleus? - Prokaryotic cells., Define “population” in ecology. - Group of individuals of the same species in an area., Which molecule is the “blueprint” for biological inheritance? - DNA, What is the process where plants lose water via leaves? - Transpiration, Which process results in adaptations in organisms? - Natural selection, Name the tissue responsible for rapid signal transmission in animals. - Nervous tissue, What is a community in ecology? - All populations of different species living together in an area., What role do decomposers play in ecosystems? - Break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients., What is biodiversity? - The variety of life forms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms in an area.,

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