1) According to Creswell, what is the first step in collecting quantitative data? a) Creating instruments b) Getting permissions c) Conducting analysis d) Selecting participants 2) Which of the following is an example of probability sampling? a) Convenience sampling b) Snowball sampling c) Simple random sampling d) Purposive sampling 3) What does conceptualization mean in Schutt’s terms? a) Choosing a statistical test b) Defining what a concept means c) Giving instructions to participants d) Creating survey items 4) A Likert scale measuring agreement is an example of what measurement level? a) Nominal b) Ordinal c) Interval d) Ratio 5) Which type of validity checks whether the instrument truly measures the idea it should? a) Internal validity b) Criterion validity c) Inter-rater validity d) Construct validity 6) Creswell recommends using existing instruments because they often have… a) More colors b) Lower cost c) Established validity and reliability d) More interesting questions 7) Which is a non-probability sampling method? a) Cluster sampling b) Convenience sampling c) Systematic sampling d) Stratified sampling 8) Which step involves contacting schools, parents, and organizations? a) Obtaining permissions b) Selecting participants c) Developing the instrument d) Administering the test 9) Schutt says closed-ended survey questions are useful because they… a) Are easy to code and compare b) Do not require validity c) Give deeper stories d) Are easier to write 10) A test that produces stable scores over time demonstrates… a) Face validity b) Low reliability c) High reliability d) Poor operationalization 11) A researcher wants to study teacher stress levels. They define “stress” as emotional exhaustion measured by a 7-item validated scale. According to Schutt, what has the researcher accomplished? a) Face validity and criterion validity b) Conceptualization and operationalization c) Reliability and external validity d) Instrument development and sampling 12) Creswell states that researchers should “standardize data collection procedures.” Which situation BEST violates this principle? a) Some students complete the survey online while others complete a paper version with different instructions b) The researcher uses a five-point Likert scale instead of seven points c) Two groups receive the same survey but at different times of day d) Students complete the survey in the same room but different seating 13) A school leader asks a researcher to only include high-performing students in a survey about school climate. Which specific problem does this create according to Schutt? a) Nonresponse error b) Sampling frame ambiguity c) Coverage error d) Selection bias 14) Creswell encourages researchers to use existing instruments when possible. What is the most academically sound reason for doing so? a) They have prior evidence of reliability and validity across studies b) They often have publicly available scoring manuals c) They reduce the time needed for data entry d) Existing instruments are always free to use 15) . A researcher wants to measure “classroom engagement” using a single yes/no question. According to Schutt’s measurement discussion, what is the MAIN concern? a) The level of measurement becomes ratio instead of ordinal b) A single binary item cannot capture a multi-dimensional construct c) Binary questions increase reliability but reduce validity d) The question becomes double-barreled

Quantitative Method — Collecting Quantitative Data

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