If the Earth were completely flat like a table, what would happen to a ship as it sails away from a person standing on the shore?, The ship would get smaller but stay fully visible until it’s too small to see., Aristotle noted that as a traveler moves further North or South, they see constellations that were previously hidden by the horizon. How does this observation support the "Spherical Earth" theory?, It demonstrates that the observer is moving along a curved surface., Astronomical phenomena known to ancient civilizations as predictable cycles used for timekeeping and navigation, The 29.5-day Lunar Cycle. The changing position of the Sun (Solstices). The daily motion of the "Wandering Stars", Tycho Brahe is known for his "naked-eye" observations because he did not have a telescope. Despite this, how did his data help Johannes Kepler?, Brahe’s data was the most accurate and extensive collection of planetary positions at the time., How did Galileo’s view of "falling bodies" differ from Aristotle’s?, Galileo argued that all objects fall at the same rate regardless of mass (ignoring air resistance)., Imagine an archer fire horizontally. According to Galileo’s conception of projectile motion, what is happening to the arrow while it is in the air?, It is influenced by two independent motions: a constant horizontal velocity and a vertical acceleration., Statements contrast Galilean and Aristotelian physics, Aristotle relied on logic/observation, while Galileo used controlled experiments..Galileo discovered that projectiles follow a parabolic path.. Aristotle believed a vacuum was impossible, while Galileo inferred motion in a vacuum., In 1971, an astronaut on the moon dropped a heavy hammer and a light feather at the same time. They both hit the lunar dust at the same moment. This experiment proved that:, All objects fall at the same rate in a vacuum., Imagine a perfectly smooth, frictionless bowling alley. If you roll a ball down this lane, what did Galileo infer would happen to the ball’s horizontal motion?, It maintains constant speed forever without opposing forces., In a famous (though likely thought experiment) demonstration at the Leaning Tower of Pisa, Galileo dropped two spheres of different masses at the same time. What was the result, and what did it prove?, Both objects land simultaneously, proving gravity is independent of mass., Aristotelian physics taught that heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones. How did Galileo’s inference about objects falling in a vacuum change this understanding?, All objects fall with uniform acceleration regardless of weight., During a crash test, a dummy continues to move forward at 60 km/hr. even after the car has come to a complete stop. Based on the principles of inertia established by Galileo and Newton, what conclusion can you give about this situation?, The dummy maintains its state of motion until an external force—the airbag—is applied to change that motion., Imagine a satellite orbiting the Earth at a constant speed. If we suddenly "turn off" the Earth's gravity, the satellite would fly away into space. According to Newton’s First Law, what path would the satellite take, and how does this differ from Galileo’s earlier assertion of horizontal motion?, Newton says it would fly off in a straight line; Galileo believed "natural" horizontal motion followed the curve of the Earth., A heavy book rests motionless on a desk. How does Newton’s First Law build upon Galileo’s earlier ideas about horizontal motion?, While Galileo focused on objects staying in motion, Newton applied inertia to stationary objects, noting they remain still unless acted upon., Both Galileo and Newton disagreed with Aristotle’s idea that a force is needed to keep an object moving. What is the fundamental concept they both supported regarding horizontal motion?, An object in motion will continue to move even if no continuous force is applied., The image illustrates both the particle model (left) and the wave model (right) explaining how light bounces off a mirror (reflection). What statement can you give based on similarity in how these models view this phenomenon?, Both models view reflection as a predictable bounce, like a physical object hitting a surface., The image compares the particle model (left) and the wave model (right) explaining how light bends (refraction) when entering and exiting a new medium. Describe the major difference in the predictions made by these two models?, The particle model suggests light accelerates upon entering a medium due to internal forces, whereas the wave model suggests light decelerates to facilitate bending., Based on the diagram, which path represents the actual trajectory of light traveling from the fish to the man’s eye, and how does this path demonstrate the principle of refraction?, Light bends away from the normal surface because it changes speed between mediums., Why does exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light easily cause sunburn and skin damage, while hours spent under bright visible light do not?, High frequency and photon energy in UV light break chemical bonds in skin cells, causing damage., Photographic films are sensitive to high-energy light. Why is red light used as a "safe light" in a darkroom instead of green or blue light?, Red light photons have a lower frequency and therefore insufficient energy to trigger the chemical reaction in the film emulsion., A student observes two events:1. A rainbow after a storm  2. The iridescent "rainbow" colors on a thin film of oil in a parking lot, Event 1 is Dispersion; Event 2 is Interference., Based on the diagram, which statement best explains why a viewer sees an "inferior mirage" of the sky or vehicle on a hot desert road?, Heat-induced air density refracts light upward, making the road look reflective., When you look into the "front" (caving in) side of a metal spoon, your image appears upside down. However, on the "back" (bulging out) side, you appear right-side up. What explanation can you give about this?, The concave side converges light rays to a focal point, flipping the image., Heinrich Hertz was the first to experimentally prove the existence of electromagnetic waves. In his famous setup, what did he use to generate the initial "spark" or radio pulse?, An induction coil connected to a spark gap., Heinrich Hertz’s discovery of radio waves has impacted many aspects of modern life. Based on the image provided, where are radio waves most applied?, Satellite communication, phone networks, and television broadcasting., Hertz’s experiment confirmed that electromagnetic waves (radio pulses) behave like light. Based on his findings, which property of these waves did he demonstrate by reflecting them off a metal sheet?, They travel at the speed of light and can be reflected., Length contractions occur only in a specific direction relative to the observer. When does an object contract?, An object contracts only in the direction parallel to its motion., According to the concept of the Relativity of Simultaneity, why do two observers in different frames of reference disagree on the timing of events?, Because simultaneity is not absolute; it depends on the observer’s state of motion., Einstein’s equation E = mc² shows that energy and mass are interchangeable. What happens to the mass of an object as its energy increases while approaching the speed of light?, The mass increases, making it harder to accelerate the object., A toy capable of absorbing green light is illuminated with green light. What would be the color of the toy?, Green, Which statement best describes a mirage?, It creates a realistic image of an object that is not actually there, How are sun and moon halos formed from the refraction of light?, When light shines through ice crystals, Which one of the following is NOT an everyday application of refraction?, Practical use of a shaving mirror, How did Hertz generate radio pulses in his experiments?, Hertz used spark gap oscillator, Where is Hertz’s radio wave technology applied?, Satellite space distribution, phone communication, and television, What happens to the light if a galaxy is moving away from Earth?, Red shift, What do you mean by the “expansion of the universe”?, Expansion of space, Which statement best explains Hubble’s Law?, The farther away a galaxy lies from Earth, the faster it is moving away, How long will the universe expand?, It depends on the measurement of the average density of matter and the rate of expansion, What does the theory of general relativity propose about gravity?, Gravity is caused by the curvature of spacetime, Who presented the idea of gravity as a force of attraction?, Isaac Newton, What does the "c" in E = mc² represent?, The speed of light, Which distance can be measured using Cepheid variables?, Galaxies that are shining as far as more than 13 billion light-years away, What describes Newton’s first law of motion?, Inertial frame of reference, Which theory introduced the concept of length contraction?, Theory of Special Relativity, How did James Clerk Maxwell determine the speed of light?, Demonstration of light as a wave with both electrical and magnetic elements, What is the speed of light in a vacuum?, 3.00 × 10⁸ m/s, Where is Hertz’s radio wave technology applied?, Satellite space distribution, phone communication, and television, Who resolved the conflict between electromagnetism and Newtonian mechanics regarding high speeds?, Albert Einstein, When does total constructive interference occur?, When waves are in phase, What property of light is shown when a prism produces a rainbow?, Dispersion, Why does a filament bulb get brighter as temperature increases?, As temperature increases, the intensity increases, What wave property was observed in Davisson and Germer’s experiment?, Diffraction, Which statements describe Aristotle’s model of the universe?, I, II, and III, What is the shape of the Earth?, Oblate spheroid, How does the geocentric model compare to the heliocentric model?, The Sun revolves around the Earth, while the Earth revolves around the Sun.

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