Ingestion – Animals take in food through the mouth., Digestion – Food is broken down mechanically and chemically into simpler substances., Absorption – Digested nutrients are absorbed, mainly through the small intestine., Transport – The circulatory system transports absorbed nutrients to different body cells., Cellular utilization – Cells use glucose and other nutrients for energy production, growth, repair, and other functions., Glycolysis – Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP., Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) – When oxygen is available, pyruvate is further processed, and the resulting molecules enter the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix. This produces energy-carrying molecules., Electron Transport Chain – High-energy electrons are transferred through a series of proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor, allowing the production of most of the ATP., ATP Production – Cellular respiration produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the usable energy that powers cellular activities., Energy Utilization – Cells use ATP to support muscle contraction, movement, growth, tissue repair, active transport, and other life processes.

ANIMALS

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