Protein Synthesis - The process of making proteins from DNA via RNA, Gene Expression - The production of a protein from a specific gene, Protein Synthesis is divided - Into transcription and translation, Protein synthesis is summarized as - Transcription Translation: DNA mRNA Protein, What are genes? - Genes are segments of DNA which specify the amino acid sequence of proteins, How many types of nucleotides exist in DNA - 4 types of nucleotides exist but 20 different amino acids, What are combo of nucleotides called - Triplet codes for an amino acid, each amino acid is represented by one or more triplets, How many combos of triplets are possible? - The genetic code consists of 64 triplets of nucleotides. These triplets are called codons. With three exceptions, each codon encodes for one of the 20 amino acids used in the synthesis of proteins., What is transcription? - gene code is copied creating a molecule messenger, mRNA, What is translation? - Ribosomes read the nucleotide of mRNA and synthesize polypeptide chain, What is Codon? - The 3 nucleotide sequences of mRNA, How long is a gene structure - about 8,000 nucleotides long, how many amino acids in a protein? - About 400 which should requires about 1200 nucleotides, What are coding regions? - Exons, Additional nucleotides that are noncoding are called? - Introns and they do not specify any amino acids, why are introns important? - They regulate gene expression, What happens during translation - mRNA are matched with amino acids, What happens during transcription - complimentary copy of genes occur, Where does transcription occur? - In the nucleus with an enzyme called RNA polymerase, What is initiation? - The first step of transcription, when does transcription begin? - when transcription factors bind and activate the promoter of the gene, What is the second step of transcription? - Elongation, What is elongation? - when RNA polymerase builds a complementary mRNA transcript with free necleotides, What is third step of transcription? - Is termination, When n does termination occur? - Occurs when the end of the gene is reached and the RNA transcript is released, What is RNA processing? - when the pre-mRNA is first modified by RNA before entering cytosol, What is removed in RNA processing? - introns, What is spliced together in RNA processing? - Exons, and translation begins, What happens in translation? - mRNA is translated/converted into the language of amino acids, What do ribosomes do in translation? - they assist translation by transferring tRNA,

lecture 9 Anatomy

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