Milestones - Specific behaviors common to an entire population that are used to track development, Stages - Normal patterns of development that most people go through in maturation, Normative Approach - Observing large numbers of children to establish average or normal expectations of when a particular skill or ability is present, Psychosocial Theory - Erikson's stage theory of development, including trust, autonomy, identity, and intimacy, Behaviorism - School of psychology that studies stimuli, responses, and rewards that influence behavior, Social Learning Theories - A body of theory that adds social influences to behaviorism to explain development, Cognitive Developmental Theory - Piaget's theory that children construct knowledge and awareness through manipulation and exploration of their environment, Attachment Theory - A theory that infants are born needing an emotional attachment to their primary caregiver, Ecological Systems Theory - Bronfenbrenner's theory of nested environmental systems that influence the development and behavior of people, Microsystem - Bronfenbrenner's term for the innermost level of influence found in the immediate surroundings of the child, such as parents or an early childhood educator, Mesosystem - Bronfenbrenner's term for the second level of influence for the child that involves interactions among microsystems, such as a teacher in a child care center and family members, Exosystem - Bronfenbrenner's term for the influences that are not a direct part of a child's experience but influence development, such as parent education, Macrosystem - Bronfenbrenner's term for influences on develop­ment from the general culture, including laws and customs, Sociocultural Theory - Vygotsky's theory on development that predicts how cultural values, beliefs, and concepts are passed from one generation to the next, Family Grouping - Method for grouping children where children are of different ages, Continuity Of Care - Having the same teachers work with the same group of children and families for more than one year, ideally for three years, Primary Caregiving System - Method of organizing work in which one teacher is primarily responsible for half of the children, and the other teacher is primarily responsible for the rest, Scripts - A method or sequence of events to learn more about each family's cultural beliefs and values regarding the various aspects of child rearing,

I&T Chapter 1: Taking a Developmental Perspective

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