Reflection is ... - The bouncing of light off an object, Laws of reflection of light - The incident ray, the normal and the reflected ray all lie in the same plane, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, Virtual image - An image formed by the apparent intersection of rays, Real image - An image formed by the actual intersection of rays, Properties of an image in a convex mirror - Virtual, diminished, upright, behind the mirror, Refraction - The bending of a ray of light when it goes from one medium to another, Laws of refraction of light - The incident ray, the normal and the refracted ray all lie in the same plane, the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant, Refractive index of a medium - The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction when light travels from a vacuum into that medium, Critical angle - The angle of incidence whose corresponding angle of refraction is 90°, when light travels from a denser to a rarer medium, Total internal reflection - When light going from a denser to a rarer medium strikes the second medium with an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle, it does not enter the second medium. It is all reflected back into the denser medium, Optical fibre - A very thin transparent rod usually made of glass through which light can travel by total internal reflection, Short-sighted - Can see nearby objects clearly but cannot bring distant objects into focus. Corrected with a concave lens, Long-sighted - Can see distant objects clearly but cannot bring nearby objects into focus. Corrected with a convex lens, Light is... - a form of energy that travels away from the source producing it at 300 million m/s, Describe an experiment to show that light travels in straight lines - Pieces of cardboard in a straight line with a hole in each. Source of light in front of first piece. Move one piece of cardboard out of line., Give 2 uses of plane mirrors - lateral inversion, in a periscope, Is there more error in measuring u or v? - v, because you have to first decide where the image is clearest, Name a source of error in the experiment to measure the focal length of a converging lens - Parallax error when using metre stick, If an object is at C the image will be... - at C, If an object is outside C for a concave mirror, the image will be... - between f and C, If an object is between f and C for a concave mirror, the image will be... - outside C, Properties of an image formed by a concave lens - diminished, same side of lens, virtual, upright, Magnification = - v/u, Power of a lens = - 1/f, What is Snell's law? - sin i/sin r = n, Give 2 real life examples of total internal reflection - mirages, optical fibres, What is Snell's window? - The circle of light which can be seen from under water , Name 4 formulae to calculate refractive index - sin i/sinr, c1/c2, 1/sinC, real depth/apparent depth, Name 2 effects of refraction - A spoon appearing to bend in a glass of water, pool appearing less deep than it is, What is the slope of the graph of sin i/sin r? - n (refractive index of the medium), Why is there bigger % error in measuring angle r compared to angle i in refraction? - angle r < angle i, How do we know light is a form of energy? - It can be converted to different forms of energy, eg. heat, sound, kinetic, Uses of concave mirrors - shaving/make up mirror, dental mirrors, Uses of convex mirrors - at concealed entrances, in shops to deter shoplifters, Uses of concave lenses - to help short-sightedness, binoculars, telescopes, Uses of convex lenses - to help long-sightedness, magnifying glasses, microscopes, When light travels from a denser to rarer medium, the ray is refracted... - away from the normal, When light travels from a rarer to denser medium, the ray is refracted... - towards the normal,

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