Piaget - Cognitive Development Theory •states that intellectual development is biological - internal and personal •learners assimilate new ideas into what they already know and simply adjust previous thinking. Three Basic Components: (Schemas, Adaptation processes and(4)Stages of Cognitive Development), Cannella, Lubeck - Postmodern Theories •Behavior & learning are always situated in culture, gender, socioeconomic status and political views about diversity within a society. •development must be understood and supported w/these variables in mind. , Case, Fisher - Neo-Piagetian Theories •Development progresses differently for each individual and even within a single child depending upon specific tasks. •differences are due to variations in brain maturation, cultural and social influences and the uniqueness of the problem., Skinner, Watson, Bandura - Behaviorist Theory •Human traits are acquired through experiences w/ environment •Adults can purposefully shape desired learning and behavior w/positive reinforcement, Freud - Psychoanalytic Theory •personality is formed through conflicts among Three Fundamental Structures of the human mind: Id(instinct), Ego(Reality), Superego(Morality) • Can promote children's emotional health by providing appropriate opportunities for the gratification of drives., Vygotsky - SocioCultural Theory/Social Development Theory •Three major concepts (Role of Social interaction in cognitive development, MKO, ZPD) •Adults and peers can scaffold children's learning by asking questions or challenging thinking.• Through social interaction and verbalization, children construct their knowledge of the world., Seigler,Dodge - Information Processing Theory • Knowledge is acquired by applying specific thinking processes •that information must be paid attention to, stored, retrieved, and modified over time. •Children learn in social settings by noticing and memorizing social cues, and their ability to recall/ and apply them in their interactions with others., Bronfenbrenner - Ecological Systems Theory •Development is influenced by personal,social, and political systems, Bruner - Spiral Curriculum •complex topics can be taught to young children if structured and presented in the right way •regularly revisiting a topic with a student gaining deeper knowledge of the topic. •employs reinforcement and using prior knowledge to inform future learning. (Knowledge stored in memory in three stages: Enactive, Iconic, Symbolic)  , Bloom - Mastery Learning Theory •states that the focus of instruction should be the time required for different students to learn the same material •Four Key Elements: Specifying learning targets and rubrics for evaluation; student paced learning; progress assessment and feedback; testing to ensure learning targets are achieved. •Established Three Domains of Learning: Cognitive(Knowledge), Affective(Attitude), Psychomotor(Skill) as well as a classification of different objectives and skills that educators set for students.(Pyramid shape Six Categories)•, Gardner - Multiple Intelligences Theory •rather than seeing intelligence as one facet, he differentiated human intelligence into Eight specific modalities:verbal/linguistic,logical/mathematic, musical, bodily/kinesthetic, visual/spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalisic intelligences, Erickson -  Psychosocial Theory (Developed using Freud's Psycoanalytic and Psycosexual theories) •stated that there are Eight stages of Psychosocial Development in which there are certain dilemmas we must overcome in order to become well adjusted adults (Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs Shame & doubt, Initiative vs, Guilt, Industry vs Inferiority, Identity vs. Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, Integrity vs Despair), Maslow - Hierarchy of Needs •often depicted as a Five-tier pyramid with needs further down needing to be addressed before attending to needs higher up. (Physiological, Safety, Love & Belonging, Esteem, Self-Actualization, Gesell - Maturity Theory •Human traits are determined primarily through genetics •children mature with age environment plays a minor role,

Theorists of Early Child Development (Chapter 3)

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