Piaget, stages of cognitive development, schemas (patterns of thoughts), assimilation (new information), accommodation (modifying schemas), equilibration, individual discovery, Bruner, social interaction, enactive representation (learning by actions), iconic representation (learning by images and visual models), symbolic symbols (learning by language and symbols), children can learn complex ideas earlier with proper support, scaffolding (support provided by teachers), spiral curriculum (concepts become more complex each time), Vygotsky, focus on social interaction, culture and language, elementary mental function (attention, perception, memory), higher mental functions (reasoning, planning, problem-solving), learning first occurs through social interaction, Zone of proximal development (what students can do alone and what they can do with help), More knowledgeable other (someone who guides learning), Language as a main tool for cognitive development, private speech (children talking to themselves while performing a task)

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