Civilization - an advanced human society that practices agriculture (farming), has a government, and social structure, writing, Ziggurat - Stepped pyramid shaped temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses., Agriculture - Production of plants (farming) and raising animals., Surplus - more than enough; extra, Cuneiform - A system of writing developed by the Sumerians around 3,000 BC, using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets., Stylus - Sharp pointy sticks to write on clay tablets., Fertile Crescent - An arc (crescent) of rich farmland great for growing crops., Polytheism - Belief in many gods. Poly = many, Social class (Hierarchy) - How people are organized in a society. There is often a hierarchy (rich, middle class, poor) which forms layers—the most powerful on top, the less powerful towards the bottom., Tigris and Euphrates - Two major rivers of Mesopotamia, Canal - a man-made waterway for moving or redirecting water, Sumer - the civilization developed the first writing called Cuneiform, Government - An organized system that groups use to make laws and decisions., Fertile (silt) - rich soil good for growing crops, Monotheistic - the belief in ONE God mono=one, artisan - skilled craftsperson (potter, jeweler, blacksmith), monarchy (monarch) - government who has ONE single ruler (king), bartering/trade - to exchange goods and services, irrigation - building dams, channels, canals, and ditches to bring water to crops, King Hammurabi - Babylonian King who created the first written code of 282 laws, Mesopotamia - the land between TWO rivers, Assyria - the civilization that made an impact on military achievements, Phoenicia - the civilization that made an impact on trading and sailing, Israel - the civilization that believed in ONE GOD=monotheism, Babylon - the civilization who established the first set of WRITTEN laws,

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