secure digital record book, Blockchain, Open to anyone, Public, Hash Functions, One-way functions producing a fixed-size digest, Digital Signatures, Prove ownership and authorize transactions, Collision, two different inputs generate the same hash, Merkle Tree, binary tree where each leaf contains the hash of a transaction, nonce, random or sequential number used only once, Decentralization, No central authority, Private key, signs, Public key, verifies, Hash Collision, occurs when two different pieces of input data run through a hash function and produce the exact same output digest, canonical fault types, Four, families of consensus protocols, five, Avalanche effect, one-character change produces a completely different hash, Hash Pointer, pointer to where data is stored, plus a cryptographic hash of that data, Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance, PBFT, Digital cash, is electronic money designed to work like physical cash, Hot Wallets, Connected to the internet, Cold Wallets, Kept offline, Common Types of Wallets, 4, Pillars of Verifiability, 3, Pseudonymity, Bitcoin, Ethereum, True Anonymity, Monero, Zcash, HARD FORK, Backward-incompatible, SOFT FORK, Backward-compatible, Double Spending, act of spending the same digital token twice, GARAY Model, Formalizes Bitcoin backbone security, Random Oracle Model, Bellare and Rogaway (1993), Liveness, Something good eventually happens, Fairness, Everyone is treated equitably

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