The Pale - Area around Dublin where English law prevailed and English settlers lived., Gaelic Lords - Indigenous Irish chiefs who ruled territories before English conquest., Brehon Law - Ancient Irish legal system based on customary practices, independent of English law., Common Law - English legal system relying on court precedents rather than written statutes., Lord Deputy - Chief official governing Ireland on behalf of the English crown., Plantation - Colonization of Ireland by English settlers, particularly in the 17th century., Undertaker - English landowners tasked with establishing plantations in Ireland., Servitor - English soldiers or settlers granted land for their service to the crown., Surrender & Regrant - Policy allowing Gaelic chiefs to surrender lands and receive them back under English law., Flight of the Earls - The 1607 exodus of Gaelic lords from Ireland to Europe, ending Gaelic rule., Bawn - Fortified enclosure built by English settlers for protection and residence., Nine Years War - Conflict (1594-1603) between Irish lords and English rule, ending in defeat for the Irish., Protestant Ascendancy - Dominance of Protestant landowners and elites in Ireland, marginalizing Catholics., Landlord - Owner of land who leases it to tenants, influential in Irish society., Penal Laws - Discriminatory laws limiting the rights of Catholics in Ireland., Hugh O' Neill - Earl of Tyrone and leader during the Nine Years War against English rule., Queen Elizabeth - English monarch (1558-1603) during major conflicts in Ireland., King James - English king (1603-1625) who promoted plantation policies in Ireland., Battle of Kinsale - 1601 battle where English forces defeated Irish and Spanish allies, weakening resistance.,

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