industrial revolution - when the modern world began, saw huge increases in production, crop rotation - planting different crops each year , pesticides - chemicals that kill insects on crops, small pox - a disease eradicated by vaccines, cholera - a disease caused by dirty drinking water, 12.1 - Ireland's birth rate, 41.3 - Mali's birth rate, 6.3 - Ireland's death rate, 1.5 - Ireland's fertility rate, fertility rate - the average number of babies that a woman will have, birth rate - births per 1000 per year, natural increase - births>deaths, natural decrease - births<deaths, stage 5 - stage of the demographic transition model where the population declines, the demographic transition model, stage 2 - stage where the death rate drops for the first time, Sahel - region hit by desertification, overgrazing - a cause of desertification, emigration - people leaving a country, immigration - people coming into a country, migration - people changing where they live, push factors - war, famine, unemployment, pull factors - peace, higher wages, good climate, visas - a barrier to migration, rural depopulation - population falling in the countryside, dependency ratio - the percentage of a population too young or too old to work, Taliban - government of Afghanistan, Human Development Index - the lowest score is 0, the highest score is 1, mean years of schooling - one of the factors used to calculate HDI, Japan - country with the highest life expectancy,

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