1) What is it called when studies with significant findings are more likely to be published? a) Sampling bias b) External validity c) Review bias d) Publication bias 2) Which type of review includes clinician experience and expert opinion? a) Systematic review b) Meta-analysis c) Clinical practice guidelines d) Narrative review 3) A narrative review synthesizes research in a ___ way, and a systematic review synthesizes research in a ___ way. a) qualitative; quantitative b) informal; formal c) biased; unbiased d) observational; experimental 4) What is the primary purpose of a best-evidence synthesis? a) Eliminate all narrative reviews b) Focus only on subjective data c) Combine qualitative and quantitative studies d) Only include high-level RCTs 5) What is the best alternative when a meta-analysis is not possible? a) Descriptive review b) Best-evidence synthesis c) Literature scan d) Randomized trial 6) Which type of validity determines if the experimental manipulation truly caused the change? a) Internal b) External c) Construct d) Content 7) Which type of validity shows how generalizable results are to other populations a) Face b) External c) Construct d) Internal 8) What measures consistency between different raters? a) Test-retest reliability b) Intrarater reliability c) Interrater reliability d) Content validity 9) What type of validity ensures test items reflect the entire domain of the concept? a) Construct b) . External c) Criterion d) Content 10) What type of validity focuses on current performance and future predictions? a) Criterion-related b) Internal 11) Which error occurs when the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected? a) Type II b) Effect size c) Sampling d) Type I 12) Which statistic is commonly used in meta-analyses? a) Correlation b) Mean c) T-score d) Effect size 13) What type of correlation occurs when one variable increases and the other decreases? a) Negative b) Positive c) Causal d) Neutral 14) Rejecting the null at p = .05 means: a) The result is invalid b) There’s a 5% chance the null is true 15) Which design explores individual life experience through multiple sources like interviews and artifacts? a) Ethnography b) Phenomenology c) Case study d) Grounded theory 16) Which method seeks to understand a person’s lived experience through interviews? a) Content analysis b) Phenomenology c) Ethnography d) Narrative inquiry 17) In which approach does theory emerge from analysis of data after collection a) Phenomenology b) Grounded theory c) Discourse analysis d) Triangulation 18) Which method analyzes social interaction through transcript analysis? a) Triangulation b) Ethnography c) Conversation analysis d) Narrative study 19) In which design are quantitative and qualitative data collected at the same time and merged? a) Convergent parallel b) . Explanatory sequential 20) Which design begins with quantitative data, followed by qualitative interviews? a) Exploratory sequential b) Explanatory sequential c) Ethnographic d) Convergent 21) Which design starts with interviews and develops a quantitative tool based on results? a) Convergent b) Exploratory sequential c) Explanatory sequential d) Grounded theory 22) Which of the following is an advantage of multimethod research? a) Provides both objective and subjective data b) Focuses only on numbers 23) Which of the following is a disadvantage of multimethod research? a) Combining data types can make analysis confusing b) Uses only interviews 24) Narrative Review: Summarizes research broadly without systematic methods; prone to bias. a) true b) false 25) The phenomenon in which studies that produce significant findings are more likely to be published a) clinical practice b) publication bias 26) best-evidence synthesis is the best alternative to use when a meta-analysis cannot be conducted a) true b) false 27) The simplest type; no particular order or rank; places items into different mutually exclusive categories; a) Ordinal: Ranked b) Nominal: Categorical c) Interval: d) Ratio: 28) Internal validity is the type of validity that is done when the researcher determines if the experimental manipulation really made a difference a) true b) false 29) External validity is the type of validity in which the items on a test really do adequately represent the universe of content of the attribute being measured a) true b) false 30) Consistency of one examiner over time. The extent to which the same examiner gets similar results a) Intra-Examiner b) Inter-Examiner: 31) Test-retest is the Stability of a measure over time.Subjects demonstrating similar performance on the same measure administered again a) false b) True 32) what type of Quantitative Research is :Observes variables without manipulation (e.g., surveys). a) Pre-Experimental: b) Quasi-Experimental c) True Experimental d) Nonexperimental: 33) what type of Quantitative Research is: Lacks control group/randomization; limited conclusions. a) Pre-Experimental b) Quasi-Experimental 34) what type of Quantitative Research Includes intervention but lacks full randomization. a) Single-Subject b) Quasi-Experimental: 35) what type of Qualitative Research Design:In-depth analysis of a single subject or unit. a) Grounded Theory b) Case Study c) Conversation Analysis d) Phenomenology e) Ethnography: 36) A Retrospective Study: Looks backward at existing data. a) true b) false 37) A Prospective Study: Follows participants forward over time from the point of study initiation. a) true b) false 38) what is Efficacy a) Benefit achieved with minimal resources/time. b) Treatment works under ideal/controlled conditions (internal validity). 39) what is Effectiveness a) Treatment works in real-world settings (external validity). b) Treatment works under ideal/controlled conditions (internal validity). 40) what is Efficiency a) Benefit achieved with minimal resources/time. b) Treatment works in real-world settings (external validity).

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