Hazard, Any source of potential damage, harm, or adverse health effects on something or someone. In mining, hazards can be physical (falling rocks), chemical (dust/gases), biological, or ergonomic., Injury, Physical harm or damage to a person's body caused by an external force or event. In a mining context, injuries are often classified as "lost time" or "non-lost time" depending on whether the worker can return to their next shift., Fatigue, A state of physical or mental exhaustion that reduces a person's ability to perform work safely and effectively. It is a major risk factor in mining due to shift work, long hours, and physically demanding environments., Fracture, A partial or complete break in a bone. These are common in mining due to slips, falls, or contact with heavy machinery and falling debris., Break, A layman’s term often used interchangeably with "fracture" to describe a bone that has been snapped or cracked., Sprain, An injury to a ligament (the tissue that connects two bones) caused by overstretching or tearing. This often occurs in the ankles, knees, or wrists during manual labor or movement over uneven underground terrain., Silicosis, A lung disease caused by breathing in tiny bits of silica, a mineral part of sand, rock, and mineral ores. It causes scarring of the lung tissue (fibrosis) and is a permanent, irreversible condition common in hard-rock mining., Black Lung, A lung disease caused by long-term exposure to coal dust. The dust settles in the lungs, causing them to turn black and leading to inflammation and scarring, which severely impairs breathing, Asbestosis, A chronic lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibers. While asbestos mining is strictly regulated or banned in many places, older mines or naturally occurring asbestos can lead to this scarring of lung tissue., Respiratory Disease, A broad category of pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible. In mining, this includes asthma, COPD, and various forms of pneumoconiosis caused by inhaling hazardous dust and fumes., HAVS, A condition caused by the long-term use of vibrating hand-held machinery (like jackhammers or drills). It affects the blood vessels, nerves, and joints, often leading to "vibration white finger.", Mucker's Mange, A colloquial mining term for Contact Dermatitis. It is a skin irritation or rash caused by exposure to abrasive dust, sweat, and caustic minerals (like lime or ammonium nitrate) found in muck piles., Hearing Loss, The partial or total inability to hear. In mining, this is typically Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL), resulting from prolonged exposure to high-decibel equipment without adequate hearing protection., Heat Stroke, The most serious form of heat injury, occurring when the body’s temperature rises to $40^\circ\text{C}$ ($104^\circ\text{F}$) or higher. It is a critical risk in deep underground mines where temperatures and humidity are naturally high..

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