DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Function: Breaks down ____ food into absorbable ____. Key Processes: ____ and ____ breakdown of food. Importance: Provides the building ____ and ____ necessary for all cellular ____ and ____ activities. EXCRETORY SYSTEM Function: Filters ____ products from the ____ and eliminates them from the ____. Key Organ: ____ are central to this process, producing ____ as a waste byproduct. Importance: Maintains blood ____ and prevents the buildup of ____ substances. SENSORY SYSTEM Function: Gathers ____ from the ____ and ____ environments through various ____. Senses: Encompasses sight, ____, taste, smell, and ____. Interplay with Nervous System: Works in conjunction with the ____ system to help control ____ and interpret sensory ____. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Function: Responsible for the ____ of ____ (sperm and egg cells) necessary for ____. Importance: Ensures the continuation of the ____. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Function: ____ essential materials (like oxygen and ____) to cells and removes ____ products from them. COMPONENTS OF BLOOD ____: The ____ component of blood. Solid Component: Consists of: ____ Blood Cells (____): Carry oxygen, facilitated by ____ (a red pigment requiring ____). White Blood Cells (____): Act as the body's ____ against ____ and pathogens. ____: Crucial for blood ____, preventing excessive blood loss. Heart's Role: The heart ____ oxygenated blood throughout the body and receives ____ blood. Blood Vessels: ____: Carry blood ____ from the heart. Most arteries transport oxygenated blood. (Mnemonic: Artery = Away) ____: ____ blood to the heart. Most veins carry unoxygenated blood. NERVOUS SYSTEM Function: Acts as the body's ____ center, ____ and coordinating all bodily activities. Central ____ System (CNS): Comprises the ____ and ____ cord. ____: The basic functional unit of the nervous system (nerve cell). ____: The largest part of the brain, divided into ____ hemispheres, responsible for ____-level functions. Balance Control: Works with the ____ system to maintain ____. SKELETAL SYSTEM Function: Provides structural ____ and protection for the ____. Bones: ____ Skeleton: Head: ____ (cranium) and mandibles (lower ____). Trunk: Vertebral column (____) and ribs. ____ Skeleton: ____: Humerus (upper arm), ulna (little finger side of lower arm), radius (thumb side of lower arm), and the ____ joint. ____: Femur (____ bone), tibia (____), fibula (lower ____ bone), and the knee joint. Joints: Allow for movement ____ bones. ____ Joints: Such as those found in the skull. Movable Joints: Include ball-and-socket (____, hip), and hinge (____, elbow) joints. ____: Connect ____ to each other at joints, providing ____. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Function: Enables ____ of the body. Skeletal Muscle: Responsible for ____ movements. ____: Connect muscles to ____ or other muscles. Muscle Pairs: Voluntary muscles often work in antagonistic pairs: ____: Muscles that ____ a joint. ____: Muscles that ____ a joint. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Function: Regulates various bodily functions through ____. Key Glands and Hormones: ____ Gland: Controls metabolic ____; requires ____ for proper function. ____: Produces ____, which regulates blood ____ (glucose) levels. ____ Glands: Involved in the "fight or ____" response. ____ Gland: Known as the "____ gland" due to its control over other ____ glands. IMMUNE SYSTEM Function: ____ the body against pathogens and ____. ____: Proteins ____ by the immune system to ____ or destroy foreign invaders. ____: Foreign ____ that trigger an immune response and ____ production. GENES AND TRAITS Genes: Segments of ____ that dictate ____ inherited traits. ____: The actual ____ makeup of an organism for a ____ trait (e.g., BB, Bb, bb). ____: The observable ____ expression of the genotype (e.g., brown fur, short stature). ____ Pattern: Each trait is influenced by ____ gene from each ____. DOMINANCE ____ Gene: Masks the expression of another gene for the same ____. ____ Gene: Is masked by a dominant gene. Notation: The ____ initial of the dominant gene is used, ____, to represent the trait (e.g., 'B' for brown). Examples: If brown (B) is dominant over orange (b), then genotypes BB and Bb will both ____ in a brown phenotype. The recessive orange phenotype can only occur with the homozygous recessive genotype (bb). ____: A type of ____ where neither gene masks the other; both traits are expressed ____ (e.g., roan cattle). HOMOZYGOUS AND HETERZYGOUS ____: Possessing two ____ alleles for a trait (e.g., BB or bb). Crossing a homozygous dominant (e.g., BB) with a homozygous recessive (e.g., bb) will ____ all heterozygous offspring (Bb). ____: Possessing two ____ alleles for a trait (e.g., Bb). Crossing two heterozygous parents (Bb x Bb) results in the following offspring ratio: 1 homozygous ____ (BB) 2 heterozygous (Bb) 1 homozygous ____ (bb) SEX-LINKED TRAITS Sex Chromosomes: ____ have ____ chromosomes, while males have ____ chromosomes. X Chromosome: Carries ____ genes than the Y chromosome, which is significantly ____. Sex-Linked Inheritance: Traits carried on the X chromosome, not the Y. Male Expression: Because ____ have only one X ____, any gene present on it will be expressed, even if it's recessive. Therefore, ____ sex-linked traits always affect males if they possess the recessive allele. Female Expression: Recessive sex-linked traits only affect females if they have two copies of the recessive allele. Females with ____ dominant and one recessive allele are ____ but do not express the trait. Examples: Red-green color ____ and hemophilia are common sex-linked traits. A color-blind woman's sons will always be ____-blind. A color-blind woman's daughters will be carriers if their fathers have ____ vision and will be color-blind if their ____ are also color-blind. Cell ____ is fundamental for reproduction, growth, and repair in all ____ organisms. MEIOSIS Type of Reproduction: ____ reproduction. Key Outcome: Produces genetic ____ within populations. Chromosome Number: ____ cells have ____ the number of chromosomes as the ____ cell. Ploidy: Produces ____ daughter cells (n). MITOSIS Type of Reproduction: ____ reproduction; also used for cell ____ and repair. Key Outcome: ____ cells are genetically ____ to the parent cell, resulting in ____ genetic variability. Chromosome Number: Daughter cells have the ____ number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Ploidy: Produces ____ daughter cells if the ____ is diploid (2n), or ____ daughter cells if the parent is haploid (n). DNA and MUTATIONS DNA Composition: ____ acid is composed of ____ ____, which in turn consist of a ____, a phosphate group, and a ____ base. Mutation: A change in ____ information. Most mutations are ____ or harmful, but a ____ can be ____. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Methods (Plants and ____): ____ ____: One cell divides into ____. ____ Fission: Involves ____ production. ____: A new organism grows from a ____ part of the parent. ____: A new organism develops as an ____ from the parent. Methods (Plants Only): ____: Horizontal stems that grow ____ ground. ____: Horizontal stems that grow primarily ____. ____: ____, vertical, fleshy shoots. ____: Short, ____ ____ with fleshy ____. ALTERNATIONS OF GENERATIONS (PLANTS) Description: A life cycle characterized by a cyclic change ____ haploid (gametophyte) and ____ (sporophyte) generations. Process: The ____ gametophyte produces haploid gametes via mitosis. Haploid gametes ____ to form a diploid zygote. The diploid zygote grows through ____ into a diploid sporophyte. The diploid sporophyte ____ haploid spores through ____. Haploid spores develop into haploid ____. The cycle then repeats. Variations: ____ Life Cycle: The ____ of the life history is spent in the haploid gametophyte stage. ____ Life Cycle: The majority of the life history is spent in the diploid sporophyte stage; the gametophyte ____ is reduced to the gametes themselves. ____ Life Cycle: Distinct, independent gametophyte and sporophyte generations exist. This is characteristic of vascular plants like ferns, flowers, and trees. ____: Plants producing ____ of different sizes and shapes. ____ Dominance: As plants become more ____, the sporophyte generation becomes more ____. GAMEOPHYTES IN DIFFERENT PLANTS ____ Plants: The male gametophyte is reduced to a ____ grain. ____: The gametophyte is ____, short-lived, and is called a ____. ____ ____: Produce both male and female ____. FLOWERS Four Main Parts: ____ ____ ____ (____ reproductive part) ____ (____ reproductive part) Flower Classifications: ____: Possesses ____ four floral parts. (Also considered perfect). ____: Lacks one or more of the four floral parts. (Can still be perfect if it has both male and female parts). ____: Contains ____ male (stamens) and female (pistils) reproductive parts. (Can be complete or incomplete). ____: ____ either male or female reproductive parts. (Always incomplete). ECOLOGY: THE STUDY OF INTERACTIONS Ecology investigates the ____ between ____ and their ____, emphasizing that damage to any part of an ecosystem impacts the ____. Fundamental Principles Origin of Energy and Materials: All energy and resources ____ for life originate from the non-living ____. Common Sense Principles: Many ecological concepts are rooted in practical, ____-____ observations. Distribution Determinants: An organism's environmental ____ and ____ ____ where it can live. Competition: Organisms with similar needs often compete for limited environmental ____. FOOD CHAINS AND WEBS Food ____: Illustrate the ____ of energy by showing who ____ whom. Food ____: Interconnected ____ chains that represent complex feeding ____ within an ecosystem. ____: The ____ of each organism in a food chain ____ on the organisms preceding it. ____: Always at the ____ of the food chain, these are typically ____ that use chlorophyll to ____ their own food through ____. ____: Animals that ____ produce their own food and ____ ____ by consuming other organisms. BALANCE OF NATURE ____ ____: While nature is constantly changing, it generally stays the same, like a balanced seesaw. Ecosystem Stability: Communities can change, but the overall numbers of organisms and their interactions tend to remain the same. Disruption Factors: ____ Environmental Change: A substantial alteration in any environmental factor can ____ this balance. ____ Occurrences: Events like earthquakes, ____ ____, and storms can cause imbalances. ____ Actions: Decisions driven by ____, impatience, or ____ can severely disrupt natural balance. Recovery and Collapse: Nature can often recover from minor imbalances. If the balance is severely disrupted, species or entire communities may perish. Community Resilience: ____ communities are generally more resilient to natural catastrophes. ____ systems, often created or favored by humans, are more ____ to disasters. ____ Decisions: Effective environmental management should be based on biological and ecological principles, not solely on political or ____ considerations. Management Decisions: Effective environmental management should be based on ____ and ____ principles, ____ solely on political or economic considerations. BIOMES: LIFE ZONES Definition: Biomes are ____ geographical areas characterized by ____ ____ and ____ patterns. Factors Influencing Biomes: Climate, particularly ____ and ____, plays a crucial role in determining biome ____. Altitude and Latitude Analogy: Increasing altitude is analogous to ____ distance from the equator (moving towards the ____). Terrestrial Biome Naming: Terrestrial biomes are ____ based on their ____ vegetation. Biome Progression: As one moves from ____ to higher altitudes, or from the ____ towards the poles, the major ____ biomes typically change in the following order: Tropical Rain Forest Deciduous Forest Northern Coniferous Forest (Taiga) Tundra ____ BIOMES ____: Characterized by the absence of trees. The ground is permanently frozen below the surface layer (permafrost). Damage to the tundra can be extremely slow or impossible to recover from. ____ Coniferous Forest (Taiga): Dominated by evergreen trees such as pine, spruce, and fir. ____ Forest: Trees in this biome shed their leaves annually, typically during winter. Examples include oak, maple, and beech trees. Tropical ____: near the equator, high humidity and rainfall abundant variety of organisms ____: average rainfall, grasses and shrubs few trees ____: Very dry, generally less than 10' rain per year ____ Biomes: Includes bodies of water with low salt concentration, such as rivers, lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Supports aquatic plants and animals adapted to non-saline conditions. Critically important for drinking water, irrigation, and habitat for many species. ____ Biomes: Comprises the largest biome on Earth, including oceans, coral reefs, estuaries, and coastlines. Characterized by high salt concentration. ____ means that a species may possibly become extinct cease to exist the rate of extinctions is increasing. Pollution anything that makes the environment unclean, impure, or ____ can be accidental or ____ includes trash and ____ items that do ____ decompose/break down easily because they add to trash using up raw materials that are not ____ auto ____ a major source of air pollutants oil ____ energy use and ____ misusing the land from mining, timber ____, housing or other developments Energy Problems due to ____ use of non-renewable fuel sources air pollution resulting from the use and production of energy possible solution is to find ____ ____ sources such as geothermal, wind, tidal waves, and solar energy. air pollution causes problems for ____ health such as burning eyes or breathing ____ vegetation damages crops and forests physical structures the most widespread threats to health are from ____ and ground level ozone acid rain is caused by sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides pollutants mix with ____ in the air including rain, snow and fog pollutants are washed out of the air by ____ damages lakes, streams, ____ and physical structures EPA using the Clean Air Act is charged with helping to clean up the air EPA regulates 6 common air pollutants particulates which include dust, soot, ____, droplets from chemical reactions the finer/smaller particles, the more ____ it is can travel ____ of miles ground level ozone dangerous to humans and animal health damages crops forest and other plants ozone in the upper ____ (not at ground level) protects the earth from UV light carbon ____ sulfur oxide ____ oxide lead

BIOLOGY FINAL REVIEW

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