What does "inferencing" refer to in pragmatics?, A. The process of translating a text from one language to another., B. The process by which the hearer/reader arrives at the intended meaning of the speaker/writer., C. The strict literal meaning of words in a dictionary., D. The grammatical structure of a sentence., According to Leech (1984), which of the following is NOT a basis for inferencing implicatures?, A. The conventional conceptual meaning of the utterance., B. Relevant background knowledge., C. Phonetic and pronunciation accuracy., D. Informal reasoning., Who introduced the concept of the Co-operative Principle and its maxims?, A. Leech (1984), B. Clyne (1994), C. Grice (1967/1975), D. Konrad (1985), Which maxim is flouted when a speaker provides MORE information than is required?, A. Maxim of Quality, B. Second maxim of Quantity, C. Maxim of Relation, D. Maxim of Manner, What does the Maxim of Relation require a speaker to do?, A. Be brief and orderly., B. Do not say what you believe to be false., C. Be relevant., D. Provide adequate evidence for your statements., Which sub-maxim belongs to the category of Manner according to Grice?, A. Avoid obscurity of expression., B. Do not make your contribution more informative than required., C. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence., D. Make your contribution as informative as required., Why was Grice’s theory criticized by scholars like Clyne (1994)?, A. Because it was completely mathematically incorrect., B. Because it was viewed as Anglo-centric and culturally limiting., C. Because it only applied to written texts, not spoken conversations., D. Because it ignored grammatical rules., In some cultures, why is "obscurity of expression" or ambiguity considered appropriate?, A. To trick the listener., B. For face reasons and negative politeness., C. To waste time during conversations., D. Because speakers do not know the correct vocabulary., According to the revised maxims by Clyne, what should be taken into account when communicating?, A. The interlocutor's communication expectations., B. Strict dictionary definitions only., C. The exact length of every sentence spoken., D. Translation accuracy into English., What is the main difference between "presupposition" and "implicature"?, A. Presupposition is what the speaker assumes the hearer accepts without challenge, while implicature is what the speaker implies beyond literal words., B. Presupposition is always false, while implicature is always true., C. Presupposition is used in jokes, while implicature is only used in formal writing., D. There is no difference; they are synonymous.

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