Evolution - Change in genetic makeup of a population over time; descent with modification , Natural Selection - Process in which individuals that have certain traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than others , Adaptations - Inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction , Fitness - an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment, Genetic Variation - difference in DNA sequences between individuals within a population, Selective Pressure - any reason for organisms with certain phenotypes to have either a survival benefit or disadvantage, Artificial Selection - Humans select traits that are desirable, Convergent Evolution - process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities, Analogous Structures  - features on a species that are similar to another species, not because of common ancestry, but because of similar environments , Divergent Evolution - species sharing a common ancestry become more distinct due to differential selection pressure which gradually leads to speciation over an evolutionary time period., Genetic Drift - the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance, Migration/Gene Flow  - any movement of individuals, and/or the genetic material they carry, from one population to another, Homologous Structures - those from organisms that share a common ancestor, Vestigial Structures - Structures that have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor, Phylogenetic - the study of evolutionary relationships among biological entities, Derived Character - a trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed along to its descendants, Reproductive Isolation - the inability of a species to breed successfully with related species due to geographical, behavioral, physiological, or genetic barriers or differences, Habitat Isolation - occurs when habitat preferences lower the probability of mating between individuals associated with differing habitats, Temporal Isolation - when two or more species reproduce at different times, Behavioral Isolation - the presence or absence of a specific behavior that prevents reproduction between two species from taking place, Mechanical Isolation - a physical incompatibility between reproductive organs of two organisms, Gametic Isolation - occurs when the two organisms/species mate successfully but can not form a zygote, Hybrid Inviability - a situation in which a mating between two individuals creates a hybrid that does not survive past the embryonic stages, Hybrid Sterility - the inhibition or suppression of the reproductive, Hybrid Breakdown - a type of reproductive failure that appears after the F2 generation of crosses between different species or subspecies, Allopatric Speciation - occurs when a species separates into two separate groups which are isolated from one another, Sympatric Speciation - occurs when there are no physical barriers preventing any members of a species from mating with another, and all members are in close proximity to one another, Punctuated Equilibrium - the idea that evolution occurs in spurts instead of following the slow, but steady path, Gradualism - a pattern of sustained, directional, and incremental evolutionary change over a long period during the history of a species, Adaptive Radiation - a rapid increase in the number of species with a common ancestor, characterized by great ecological and morphological diversity,

Unit 7: Evolution

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