rounding, involves replacing the number with an approximation that is simpler and easier to use in calculations, but which will also make any calculations less accurate. Eg 123,343 ≈ 120,000, rounding up, to find an approximation that is greater than the original number, rounding down, to find an approximation that is less that the original number, leading digit, first non-zero digit of a number. Eg the leading digit of 328 is 3, estimate, a rough calculation of a value or number, associative law, regardless of how three or more numbers are grouped when added or multiplied, the result is the same. , commutative law, order in which two numbers are added or multiplied is not important. Eg 3+4=7 and 4+3=7; or 3x4=12 and 4x3=12, by-parts method, involves adding the digits in each place-value separately, jump method, involves breaking down one of the given numbers, then adding or subtracting each part of the number in stages, compensation method, involves rounding one number to make the calculations easier. The amount by which the number was originally rounded is then added or subtracted, addition algorithm, an algorithm in which two or more numbers are added by first adding the ones values, then tens values, then hundreds values and so on, subtraction algorithm, an algorighm in which two or more numbers are subtracted by first subtracting the ones values, then tens values, then hundreds values and so on, distributive law, states that the same result is obtained whether you add the numbers inside a pair of brackets first before multiplying by another number or multiply each number inside the brackets by the number outside the brackets before adding. IE a(b+c) = ab+ac, dividend, number that is being divided by another number (divisor). EG in the equation 6.84÷2=3.42, is the dividend, 2 is the divisor and 3.42 is the quotient, divisor, number that divides into another number (divident); EG in the equation 15÷3=5, 3 is the divisor, quotient, result of a division. EG in the equation 28÷4=7, 7 is the quotient, remainder, the part of the divident that is left over when the number is not exactly divisible by the divisor. EG 22÷7=3 remainder 1, mutiples, result of multiplying a given number by whole numbers; EG multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12, 16..., lowest common multiple (LCM), lowest (first) multiple that is common in the multiples list of two or more numbers; for example, multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18... and multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12, 16, 20... so LCM of 3 and 4 is 12, highest common factor (HCF), largest factor that is common to two or more given numbers. EG factors of 8 are 1, 2, 4, 8 and factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 so HCF of 8 and 12 is 4, base, for a value expressed in index form, the base is the number which is repeatedly multiplied. EG 24 has a base of 2 and can be written as 2x2x2x2, expanded form, power written as a repeaded multiplication. EG 43 written in expanded form is 4x4x4, index, (plural: indices) for a value expressed in index form, the index indicates the number of times the base is written as a repeated multiplication. EG 24 has an index of 4 and can be written as 2x2x2x2. We read 24 as '2 to the power of 4', square root, number that when multiplied by itself produces a result that can be represented in a square patter; for example, the square root of 9 (or √9) is 3, cube root, number that when cubed results in the original number. EG cube root of 8 (or ∛8) is 2, integers, a whole number that is positive, negative, or zero, reference point, a point or number used to define the location of another point relative to the reference point. This point is often zerio on a number line or Cartesian Plane, ascending order, where a list of numbers is written from smallest to largest, descending order, where a list of numbers is written from largest to smallest, BIDMAS, word used to remember the correct order of operations: Brackets, Indices (and roots), Division and Multiplication, and Addition and Subtraction.

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