single mode - Used for long-distance transmissions, single mode fibers have a smaller core and support higher bandwidth with less signal attenuation., Multi mode - Suitable for shorter distances, multimode fibers have a larger core, which allows multiple light modes but can cause more signal dispersion and attenuation over longer distances., Category 5/6/7/8 - Using a lower category cable (e.g., Cat5) instead of a higher category (e.g., Cat6, Cat7, or Cat8) can limit data transfer speeds and lead to increased errors, Shielded twisted pair (STP) vs Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) - Using UTP cables in environments with high electromagnetic interference (EMI) instead of STP can result in signal degradation on and data corruption., Signal degradation - signal diminishes over distance or due to interference , crosstalk - specific type of signal degradation where a signal transmitted on one cable or channel interferes with a signal on another cable or channel., interference - disruption of signal transmission caused by electromagnetic signals from other electronic devices or cables., Attenuation - gradual loss of signal strength as it travels through a cable or medium., Improper termination - occurs when network cables are not correctly terminated with the appropriate connectors or techniques., Transmitter (tx)/receiver (rx) transposed - happens when the transmitter and receiver wires are incorrectly connected, causing communication failures., Increasing interface counters - Interface counters track various metrics related to network traffic and errors. Increasing counters indicate potential issues that need to be addressed to maintain optimal network performance, Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) - occur when there is a mismatch in the data checksum, indicating data corruption during transmission., Runts - packets that are smaller than the minimum allowed size (usually less than 64 bytes)., Giants - packets that exceed the maximum allowed size (usually greater than 1518 bytes for Ethernet frames)., Drops - occur when packets are discarded due to congestion, bu er overflow, or configuration issues.,

5.2 Troubleshoot cabling/interface

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