A pull or push, which acting on a body changes or tends to change, the state of rest or uniform motion of the body., Force, Friction, Resultant, Equilibrium, When a force system has a resultant of zero magnitude, Couple, Friction, Resultant, Equilibrium, Two parallel forces that have the same magnitude but opposite directions, and are separated by a perpendlcular distance d., Couple, Friction, Resultant, Equilibrium, Force that resists the movement of two contacting surfaces that slide relative to one another., Couple, Friction, Resultant, Equilibrium, The forces acting on a body lying in the same plane, Collinear Forces, Coplanar Forces, Concurrent Forces, Resultant Force, The coplanar forces having a common line of action, Collinear Forces, Coplanar Forces, Concurrent Forces, Resultant Force, The system of forces intersecting at a common point., Collinear Forces, Coplanar Forces, Concurrent Forces, Resultant Force, A force which determines whether the body will be in equilibrium or will have a varying state of motion., Collinear Forces, Coplanar Forces, Concurrent Forces, Resultant Force, States that if a force acts at any point of a rigid body, it may be considered to act at any other point in its line of action provided the point is rigidly connected with the body., Principle of Transmissibility, Principle of Superposition, Newton's Third Law of Motion, Lami's Theorem, The stress is proportional to the strain within the elastic region. It states that the elongation is proportional to the force., Hooke's Law, Young's Modulus, Poisson's Ratio, Varignon's Theorem, A retarding force acting opposite a body in motion., Static Force, Kinetic Force, Centripedal Force, Resultant Force, Within the elastic range, it is the constant of proportionality that defines the linear relationship between stress and strain. A measure of the stiffness of an elastic material and defined by stress/strain. The modulus of elasticity is also known as ___., Modulus of Rigidity, Bulk Modulus, Young's Modulus, Modulus of Resilience, A ___ material is one having a relatively large tensile strain up to the point of rupture., Brittle, Ductile, Isotropic, Anisotropic, A ___ material has a relatively small strain up to the point of rupture., Ductile, Homogeneous, Brittle, Orthotropic, A term for the value beyond which the stress is no longer proportional to the strain. The maximum stress that may be developed during a simple tension that the stress is a linear function of strain., Elastic Limit, Proportional Limit, Yield Point, Ultimate Strength, The maximum stress that may be developed during a simple tension test such that there is no permanent or residual deformation when the load is entirely removed., Elastic Limit, Proportional Limit, Yield Point, Ultimate Strength, The region of the stress-strain curve extending from the origin to the proportional limit is called ___., Plastic Range, Elastic Range, Strain Hardening Range, Necking Region, The range beyond the elastic limit extending to the point of rupture., Elastic Range, Proportional Range, Plastic Range, Linear Range, The ordinate of the point at which there is an increase in strain with no increase in stress., Yield Point, Proportional Limit, Ultimate Strength, Elastic Limit, Stress where there's an appreciable elongation of the material without any corresponding increase of load., Rupture Strength, Yield Strength, Tensile Strength, Specific Strength, It is the highest ordinate in stress-strain diagram., Yield Point, Proportional Limit, Ultimate Strength, Elastic Limit, Stress at failure., Rupture Strength, Yield Strength, Tensile Strength, Specific Strength, Defined as the ratio of the ultimate strength to the specific weight., Specific Modulus, Specific Gravity, Specific Strength, Bulk Modulus, Defined as the ratio of the Young's modulus to the specific weight., Specific Modulus, Specific Gravity, Specific Strength, Bulk Modulus, Materials which have the same composition at any point. The material has the same composition at every point but the elastic properties may not be the same in all directions., Isotropic, Homogeneous, Anisotropic, Orthotropic, One of having the same elastic properties in all directions at any one point of the body., Isotropic, Homogeneous, Anisotropic, Orthotropic, Material that does not possess any kind of elastic symmetry., Isotropic, Homogeneous, Anisotropic, Orthotropic, The composite material exhibits elastic properties in one direction different from that in the perpendicular direction. Material that has three mutually perpendicular planes of elastic symmetry., Isotropic, Homogeneous, Anisotropic, Orthotropic, The change of volume per unit volume is defined as the., Dilatation, Strain, Poisson's Ratio, Resilience, A measure of the resistance of a material to change of volume without change of shape or form., Modulus of Elasticity, Bulk Modulus, Modulus of Rigidity, Modulus of Rupture, Defined as the ratio of normal stress to normal strain. Resistance to normal deformation such as elongation or shortening., Modulus of Rigidity, Modulus of Elasticity, Modulus of Rupture, Modulus of Resilience, Defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear strain. Resistance to shear deformation., Modulus of Rigidity, Modulus of Elasticity, Modulus of Rupture, Modulus of Resilience, Also called as Rupture Strength. Resistance to bending before it breaks., Modulus of Rupture, Modulus of Toughness, Ultimate Strength, Modulus of Rigidity, In the deformation of axially loaded members, it refers to the ratio of the lateral to the longitudinal strain., Bulk Modulus, Poisson's Ratio, Specific Modulus, Dilatation, It indicates the maximum amount of strain-energy the material can absorb just before it fractures (ability to absorb energy in plastic range)., Modulus of Resilience, Modulus of Toughness, Modulus of Elasticity, Proportional Limit, Represents the largest amount of internal strain energy per unit volume the material can absorb without causing any permanent damage to the material (ability to absorb energy in the elastic range)., Modulus of Resilience, Modulus of Toughness, Modulus of Elasticity, Proportional Limit, Refers to the property of a material which makes it return to its original dimension/shape when the load is removed., Ductility, Elasticity, Stiffness, Toughness, Refers to a material's ability to undergo significant plastic deformation under tensile stress before fracturing. Property of a material that enables it to undergo large permanent strains before failure., Ductility, Elasticity, Hardness, Stiffness, Ability to resist a deformation within the linear range., Ductility, Elasticity, Hardness, Stiffness, Material's ability to absorb energy in elastic range. Material's resistance to permanent damage., Resilience, Toughness, Hardness, Stiffness, Material's ability to absorb energy in plastic range. Material's resistance to fracture., Resilience, Toughness, Hardness, Stiffness, Material's resistance to indentation., Resilience, Toughness, Hardness, Stiffness, All cross sections are the same throughout its length., Prismatic, Homogeneous, Isotropic, Non-prismatic, When a material has to support a load for a very long period of time, it may continue to deform until a sudden fracture occurs or its usefulness is impaired. This time-dependent permanent deformation is known as:, Creep, Fatigue, Yielding, Buckling, When a material is subjected to repeated cycles of stress or strain, it causes its structure to break down, ultimately leading to fracture. This behavior is called:, Creep, Fatigue, Yielding, Buckling, Lateral deflection that occurs when long slender members are subjected to an axial compressive force., Buckling, Necking, Yielding, Drift, A slight increase in stress above the elastic limit will result in a breakdown of the material and cause it to deform permanently. This behavior is called ____ and the deformation that occurs is called plastic deformation., Yielding, Strain Hardening, Necking, Buckling, When yielding has ended, an increase in load can be supported by the specimen, until it reaches a maximum stress referred to as the ultimate stress., Yielding, Strain Hardening, Necking, Buckling, Just after the ultimate stress, the cross-sectional area will begin to decrease in a localized region of the specimen, until the specimen breaks at the fracture stress., Yielding, Strain Hardening, Necking, Buckling, A structural member has the ratio of its unsupported height to its least lateral dimension of not less than 3 and is used primarily to support axial load., Column, Pedestal, Beam, Corbel, A compression member with a ratio of height-to-least lateral dimension less than or equal to three., Column, Pedestal, Beam, Corbel, A structural member subjected primarily to flexure but may also be subjected to axial load., Column, Pedestal, Beam, Corbel, A beam in the perimeter of a building, spanning between columns and usually supporting a floor or roof., Spandrel Beam, Joist, Girder, Corbel, A large beam, usually horizontal, that serves as a main structural member., Girder, Spandrel Beam, Corbel, Joist, A molded layer of plain or reinforced concrete, flat, horizontal (or nearly so), usually of uniform but sometimes of variable thickness, and supported by beams, columns, walls, other framework, or on the ground., Girder, Spandrel Beam, Corbel, Slab, A projection from the face of a beam, girder, column, or wall used as a beam seat or a decoration., Girder, Spandrel Beam, Corbel, Slab, In structural design, they are multipliers applied to expected loads to account for uncertainties and variations, ensuring structures can safely withstand higher loads than those anticipated in normal use., Load Factor, Resistance Factor, Safety Margin, Stress Factor, It is considered as an elastic design. A traditional method where structural members are designed so that the stresses under service loads remain within the elastic range of the material., Allowable Stress Design, Ultimate Strength Design, Plastic Design, Limit State Design, A design method that requires service loads to be multiplied by load factors and computed nominal strengths to be multiplied by strength reduction factors., Allowable Stress Design, Ultimate Strength Design, Plastic Design, Limit State Design, It is basically a concrete in which internal stress of suitable magnitude and distribution are introduced so that stresses resulting from external loads are counteracted to a desired degree., Prestressed Concrete, Reinforced Concrete, Composite Concrete, High-Strength Concrete, A collection of wires wound together and thus having a diameter that is different to its area., Strands, Tendons, Ducts, Anchorages, A collection of strands encased in a duct only used in post-tensioning., Strands, Tendons, Ducts, Anchorages, Stressing high strength steel wires before concrete hardens., Pre-tensioning, Post-tensioning, Prestressing, Bonding, Stressing high strength steel after the concrete has been cast and has attained sufficient strength., Pre-tensioning, Post-tensioning, Prestressing, Bonding, From the time the prestress is applied, the prestress force gradually reduces over time to an equilibrium level., Losses, Relaxation, Creep, Shrinkage, The device or system used to secure the ends of the tendons in both pre-tensioning and post-tensioning systems., Anchorage, Duct, Corbel, Coupler, Tubes or channels embedded in the concrete that contain the tendons during the post-tensioning process. They protect the tendons and allow for the application of prestress., Anchorage, Ducts, Corbel, Coupler, The adhesion between the tendons and the surrounding concrete, which allows the transfer of stress., Bonding, Anchorage, Friction, Relaxation, It is the gradual decrease in stress in a material when it is subjected to a constant strain over time. Loss of stress that takes place with the passage of time as concrete is held at a constant strain., Relaxation, Creep, Shrinkage, Fatigue, It is the gradual, time-dependent deformation of a material when it is subjected to a sustained load for a long period of time, even if the load is below its ultimate or yield strength., Relaxation, Creep, Shrinkage, Fatigue, It is the reduction in volume or shortening of a material overtime due to loss of moisture, chemical changes or temperature effects, even without external loads., Shrinkage, Creep, Relaxation, Dilatation, It is measured by seismometer., Ground displacement/motion, Magnitude of earthquake, Intensity, Focal depth, It is the point through which the resultant of the resistance to the applied lateral force acts., Center of rigidity, Center of mass, Center of gravity, Center of stiffness, Is the point where the object "suffers" no torque by the effect of the gravitational force acted upon it., Center of rigidity, Center of mass, Center of gravity, Center of stiffness, It is the point through which the applied seismic force acts., Center of rigidity, Center of mass, Center of gravity, Center of stiffness, The point through which the resultant of the restoring forces of a system acts., Eccentricity, Center of mass, Center of gravity, Center of stiffness, The addition of energy-absorbing components into a structural building frame to reduce lateral deflections and lessen the stresses imparted into the frame when subjected to high wind or seismic forces., Damping, Resonance, Liquefaction, Stiffness, It is the distance between the center of rigidity and center of mass., Eccentricity, Focal depth, Story drift, Story displacement, The geographical point on the surface of earth vertically above the focus of the earthquake., Epicenter, Focus, Focal depth, Center of mass, The originating earthquake source of the elastic waves inside the earth which cause shaking of ground due to earthquake., Epicenter, Focus, Focal depth, Center of mass, Besides the epicenter, it describes the location of the earthquake., Epicenter, Focus, Focal depth, Center of mass, It is measured by the Richter scale., Magnitude of earthquake, Intensity, Ground displacement, Resonance, Refers to the large amplitude vibration of an object or system when given impulses at its natural frequency. It occurs when a building period coincides with the earthquake period., Resonance, Damping, Natural period, Liquefaction, Time period of undamped free vibration of a structure., Natural period, Resonance, Focal depth, Frequency, A measure of the strength of shaking during the earthquake., Intensity, Magnitude, Ground displacement, Damping, A measure of energy released in an earthquake., Intensity, Magnitude, Ground displacement, Damping, Are instruments used to record the motion of the ground during an earthquake., Seismographs, Seismometers, Strain gauges, Accelerometers, Refers to the flexibility of a structure., Reciprocal/Inverse of Stiffness, Reciprocal/Inverse of Deflection, Damping, Center of Stiffness, Refers to the rigidity of a structure., Reciprocal/Inverse of Stiffness, Reciprocal/Inverse of Deflection, Damping, Center of Stiffness, Best describes liquefaction., Sudden drop of shear strength, Large amplitude vibration, Permanent time-dependent deformation, Reduction in volume due to moisture loss, It is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of that in the storey above or less than 80 percent of the average lateral stiffness of the three storeys above., Soft Storey, Weak Storey, Story Drift, Out-of-plane Offsets, It is one in which the storey lateral strength is less than 80 percent of that in the storey above., Soft Storey, Weak Storey, Story Drift, Out-of-plane Offsets, It is the displacement of one level relative to the level above or below., Story Drift, Story Displacement, Story, Eccentricity, It is the space between two adjacent floors., Story Drift, Story Displacement, Story, Eccentricity, Is the lateral displacement of the story relative to the base., Story displacement, Story drift, Out-of-plane offsets, Torsional shear stress, Discontinuities in a lateral force path., Out-of-plane offsets, Soft Storey, Weak Storey, Diaphragms, Rigid horizontal planes used to transfer lateral forces to vertical resisting elements., Diaphragms, Shear walls, Slabs, Girders, Wall designed to resist lateral forces acting in its own plane, typically wind and seismic loads. Stiffened walls and are capable of transferring lateral forces from floors and roofs to the foundation., Diaphragms, Shear walls, Slabs, Girders, Occurs when the center of mass and rigidity do not coincide., Torsional Shear Stress, Story Drift, Soft Storey, Resonance, If two springs with stiffness k1and k2 are arranged in series and parallel, which of the following gives the combined stiffness k?, k = k1 + k2 and k= (k1k2)/(k1+k2), k= (k1k2)/(k1+k2), k = k1 + k2, k= kekedot

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