Evolution - changes in populations, species, or groups of species. More specifically, evolution occurs because populations vary by the frequency of heritable traits that appear from one generation to the next., Natural Selection - Process by which organisms best adapted to their environment survive to pass their genes on through offspring; idea pioneered by Charles Darwin., Adaptations - A heritable trait that helps the survival and reproduction of an organism in its present environment, Fitness - the fact that organisms have varying abilities to survive and reproduce. Individuals with beneficial traits, called adaptations, are more capable of survival and reproduction in their environment, Genetic Variation - a measure of the genetic differences that exist within a population, Selective Pressure - external agents which affect an organism's ability to survive in a given environment, Artificial Selection - where humans select for desirable traits in agricultural products or animals, rather than leaving the species to evolve and change gradually without human interference, Convergent Evolution - when similar traits with the same function evolve in multiple species exposed to similar selection pressure, such as the wings of bats and insects, Analogous Structures - anatomical structures that have similar functions, but arose independently, Divergent Evolution - the process whereby groups from the same common ancestor evolve and accumulate differences, resulting in the formation of new species, Genetic Drift - the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance, Migration/Gene Flow - the movement of genes between populations, and other times as the movement of genes from one population to another when fertilization occurs, changing the composition of the gene pool of the receiving population, Homologous Structure - body parts that are anatomically similar from divergent evolution, Vestigial Structures - structures that are thought to have had a biological function a long time ago but have since lost that function due to evolutionary changes, Phylogenetic Tree - a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms, Derived Character - a characteristic or trait that two lineages share, which has evolved leading up to their clade, Reproduce Isolation - the inability to breed with related species, Habitat Isolation - occurs when habitat preferences lower the probability of mating between individuals associated with differing habitats, Temporal Isolation - a type of reproductive isolation mechanism among sexual organisms in which the differences in the timing of critical reproductive events prevent members of closely related species, which could otherwise breed with one another, from mating and producing hybrid offspring, Behavioral Isolation - the presence or absence of a specific behavior that prevents reproduction between two species from taking place, Mechanical Isolation - a physical incompatibility between reproductive organs of two organisms, Gametic Isolation - a type of prezygotic barrier where the gametes (egg and sperm) come into contact, but no fertilization takes place, Hybrid Inviability - a situation in which a mating between two individuals creates a hybrid that does not survive past the embryonic stages, Hybrid sterility - the inhibition or suppression of the reproductive, Hybrid breakdown - the first-generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but when they mate the offspring are feeble and sterile, Allopatric species - a physical barrier separates a single population causing new ones to evolve, Sympatric speciation - the evolution of a new species from a parent population without geographic isolation, PunctuateEquilibrium - evolution occurs in short bursts of intense speciation, Gradualism - Adaptation occurs over a long period of time and is observed in small changes, Adaptive radiation - occurs when a single ancestral species gives rise to many new species,

Evolutionary Terms

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