What type of approach are structural theories?, Macro, Micro, Why are structural theories described as macro approaches?, They examine society on a large scale, They focus mainly on small-scale face-to-face interactions, What do structural approaches focus on?, Social structures and institutions, Individual meanings and interpretations, What is a social structure?, An established institution, relationship or pattern that organises society and influences people’s lives, A personal choice made independently by an individual, Which of these is an example of a social structure?, Social class, Personal preference, Which of these is an example of a social structure?, Capitalism, Individual personality, Which of these is an example of a social structure?, Patriarchy, Personal opinion, Which of these is an example of a social structure?, Education, An individual decision, Why is social class a social structure?, It is an organised pattern of inequality that influences people’s opportunities and life chances, It is based entirely on individuals freely choosing their own position in society, Why is capitalism a social structure?, It is an organised economic system that influences how people work and how wealth is distributed, It only describes the personal spending choices of individuals, Why is patriarchy a social structure?, It is an organised pattern of gender inequality that influences roles, behaviour and opportunities, It refers only to individual disagreements between men and women, Why are families social structures?, They are organised patterns of relationships that influence how people behave and interact, They have no influence on people’s roles or behaviour, Why is education a social structure?, It is an organised institution that influences behaviour, qualifications and opportunities, It is simply a collection of individual choices with no wider influence, Why is religion a social structure?, It is an organised system of beliefs and relationships that influences people’s behaviour, It affects only private beliefs and has no influence on behaviour, Why is the economy a social structure?, It is an organised system that influences how people work, earn money and access resources, It is based entirely on individual preferences, Why is the state a social structure?, It is an organised system of authority that influences people through laws, policies and public services, It has no influence over individuals or society, What is the central argument of structural theories?, Society shapes individuals, Individuals create society entirely through free choice, According to structural approaches, what strongly influences people’s behaviour and experiences?, The society in which they live, Only their individual meanings and choices, How do structural theories generally view individual agency?, Individuals have limited agency, Individuals have complete freedom from social influences, What does limited agency mean in structural theory?, People can make choices, but their choices are constrained by social structures, People are completely unable to make any choices, Which factors may constrain an individual’s choices according to structural approaches?, Class, gender and ethnicity, Only individual personality, How does socialisation influence behaviour?, Institutions teach individuals norms, values and social roles, Individuals develop all behaviour independently of society, Which institutions can socialise individuals?, Families and education, Only individuals themselves, What may happen when individuals internalise norms and values?, They may follow society’s expectations, They become completely unaffected by society, How does social control influence behaviour?, It uses sanctions to encourage conformity, It removes all social expectations from individuals, What are positive and negative sanctions used for?, To encourage people to conform to social expectations, To encourage people to ignore social expectations, Why do socialisation and social control support structural theory?, They show that behaviour is influenced by forces outside the individual, They show that behaviour is based only on free individual choice, What are the three main structural perspectives?, Functionalism, Marxism and Feminism, Interactionism, Postmodernism and Social Action Theory, Why is Functionalism a structural theory?, It argues that social institutions shape individuals’ norms, values and behaviour, It argues that society can only be understood through individual face-to-face interactions, Why is Marxism a structural theory?, It argues that capitalism and social class shape opportunities, beliefs and behaviour, It argues that class has little influence on individuals, Why is Feminism mainly a structural theory?, It argues that patriarchy and gender structures shape roles, experiences and opportunities, It argues that gender structures have no influence on individuals, What two broad types can structural theories be divided into?, Consensus and conflict theories, Macro and interpretivist theories, What do consensus structural theories argue?, Society is based mainly on shared norms and values, Society is based mainly on inequality between competing groups, What do conflict structural theories argue?, Society contains inequalities between groups with competing interests, Society is based mainly on agreement and shared interests, Which structural perspective is a consensus theory?, Functionalism, Marxism, Why is Functionalism a consensus theory?, It emphasises shared norms and values, cooperation and stability, It emphasises conflict between social classes, Which structural perspective focuses on conflict between social classes?, Marxism, Functionalism, Why is Marxism a conflict theory?, It focuses on inequality and conflict between social classes, It argues that society is based mainly on shared values and cooperation, Why is Feminism mainly a conflict theory?, It focuses on gender inequality and unequal power between men and women, It argues that men and women have equal power throughout society, Which feature of structural approaches means examining society on a large scale?, They are macro approaches, They are micro approaches, Which feature means examining institutions such as class, capitalism, patriarchy, families and education?, They focus on social structures and institutions, They focus mainly on individual interpretations, Which feature means that behaviour and experiences are influenced by the society in which people live?, Society shapes individuals, Individuals are completely independent of society, Which feature involves institutions teaching norms, values and roles and using sanctions?, Socialisation and social control, Individual interpretation and negotiation, Which feature means people can make choices but these choices are constrained by class, gender and ethnicity?, Limited agency, Complete agency, Which feature recognises that some structural theories emphasise cooperation while others emphasise inequality?, Structural approaches can be divided into consensus and conflict theories, All structural approaches are consensus theories, What is the main difference between structural and social action theories?, Structural theories begin with society, while social action theories begin with individuals, Both begin by focusing only on individual meanings, Structural theories begin by examining what?, Society, structures and institutions, Individual meanings and interactions, Social action theories begin by examining what?, Individuals, meanings, choices and interactions, Large-scale structures and institutions, What do positivists believe about studying society?, It should be studied scientifically and objectively, It should only be understood through personal meanings, What do positivists try to identify?, Patterns, cause-and-effect relationships and general laws of social behaviour, Only unique individual meanings that cannot be compared, Why are structural theories often associated with positivism?, They examine large-scale structures and patterns that exist outside individuals, They focus entirely on private individual meanings, Which type of data do positivist methods usually produce?, Numerical and objective data, Only detailed subjective accounts, Which research methods are commonly associated with positivism?, Official statistics, structured questionnaires and large-scale social surveys, Unstructured interviews and participant observation only, Why are quantitative methods useful to positivists?, They allow researchers to identify patterns, correlations and possible cause-and-effect relationships, They prevent researchers from comparing patterns across large groups, Do all structural theorists use positivist methods?, No, some Marxist and feminist researchers use qualitative or interpretivist methods, Yes, every structural theorist must use quantitative methods, RECAP: Structural approaches often prefer which type of research method?, Positivist research methods, Interpretivist research methods, RECAP: Why do structural approaches often prefer positivist methods?, They help identify large-scale patterns and possible cause-and-effect relationships, They focus only on individual meanings in small-scale interactions, What is the best summary of structural theory?, Large-scale social structures shape individuals’ behaviour, beliefs, opportunities and relationships, Individuals act independently of social structures and institutions

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