1) Which four elements make up most of the human body? a) Iron, sulfur, calcium, hydrogen b) Calcium, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen c) Potassium, sodium, oxygen, carbon d) Nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, sulfur 2) A unicellular organism with no nucleus belongs to which kingdom? a) Protista b) Fungi c) Eubacteria d) Plantae 3) The primary function of the cell membrane is to: a) Store nutrients b) Regulate movement of substances in and out c) Produce ATP d) Control blood pressure 4) Diffusion is classified as: a) Active transport b) Passive transport c) Endocytosis d) Exocytosis 5) Active transport requires: a) Movement down the concentration gradient b) No energy c) ATP d) Water only 6) The process used to engulf large solid particles is: a) Pinocytosis b) Phagocytosis c) Exocytosis d) Diffusion 7) The organelle responsible for cellular respiration is the: a) Ribosome b) Golgi apparatus c) Mitochondrion d) Lysosome 8) Correct order of mitosis: a) Prophase → Telophase → Metaphase → Anaphase b) Metaphase → Anaphase → Prophase → Telophase c) Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase d) Anaphase → Prophase → Metaphase → Telophase 9) Which is an example of catabolism? a) Glucose → glycogen b) DNA → RNA c) Protein → amino acids d) Amino acids → protein 10) Which is an example of anabolism? a) ATP → ADP b) Protein breakdown c) Amino acids → protein d) Lysosome digestion 11) Products of cellular respiration include: a) Glucose and oxygen b) Water, CO₂, ATP c) ATP only d) Lactic acid only 12) Which organisms are eukaryotic? a) Bacteria b) Archaea c) Plants and animals d) Viruses 13) The central dogma of molecular biology is: a) RNA → DNA → Protein b) DNA → RNA → Protein c) Protein → RNA → DNA d) Lipid → RNA → Protein 14) A person with two different alleles is: a) Homozygous b) Heterozygous c) Dominant d) Recessive 15) The main cell type producing collagen in connective tissue is: a) Macrophage b) Mast cell c) Fibroblast d) Neuron 16) Mast cells release: a) Melanin b) Keratin c) Histamine and heparin d) Collagen 17) Macrophages function to: a) Produce blood cells b) Carry oxygen c) Remove debris and pathogens d) Produce keratin 18) The tissue lining the bladder is: a) Simple squamous b) Transitional epithelium c) Stratified cuboidal d) Pseudostratified columnar 19) Gas exchange in lungs occurs through: a) Cuboidal epithelium b) Simple squamous epithelium c) Stratified squamous epithelium d) Transitional epithelium 20) A circular space formed by cuboidal epithelium is called: a) Lumen b) Follicle c) Sarcomere d) Lacuna 21) Bone matrix contains: a) Elastic fibers only b) Calcium salts and collagen c) Keratin only d) Melanin and histamine 22) Collagen fibers provide: a) Stretch b) Waterproofing c) Strength d) Mucus secretion 23) Cardiac muscle is found in: a) Stomach b) Blood vessels c) Heart d) Skin 24) Adipose tissue primarily functions in: a) Filtration b) Energy storage, insulation, cushioning c) Hormone production d) Blood cell formation 25) The supportive cells of the nervous system are: a) Osteocytes b) Neuroglia c) Keratinocytes d) Goblet cells 26) Glands that release products into ducts are called: a) Endocrine b) Exocrine c) Lymphatic d) Sebaceous 27) Which muscle types are involuntary? a) Skeletal only b) Smooth only c) Smooth and cardiac d) Skeletal and cardiac 28) Skeletal muscle is characterized by: a) Single nucleus b) No striations c) Multinucleated long cylindrical fibers d) Branched fibers 29) An adenoma is best described as: a) A malignant skin cancer b) A benign glandular tumor c) A muscle tumor d) A blood vessel tumor 30) Stratum lucidum is found: a) Everywhere on the body b) Only on palms and soles c) Only on the scalp d) Only on the abdomen 31) Goosebumps are caused by: a) Cold weather b) Sun exposure c) Exercise d) Eating spicy food 32) The main function of sebaceous glands is: a) Produce sweat b) Secrete oil c) Regulate temperature d) Produce melanin 33) Keratin is found in: a) Bones b) Hair and nails c) Blood d) Muscles 34) The epidermis is primarily composed of: a) Connective tissue b) Epithelial cells c) Muscle fibers d) Nerve cells 35) Melanin provides: a) Strength b) Color to skin c) Elasticity d) Waterproofing 36) Correct order of epidermal layers (superficial → deep): a) Basale → spinosum → granulosum → lucidum → corneum b) Spinosum → granulosum → corneum → basale c) Corneum → lucidum → granulosum → spinosum → basale d) Lucidum → spinosum → granulosum → corneum 37) Melanocytes are found in: a) Stratum corneum b) Stratum granulosum c) Stratum basale d) Stratum spinosum 38) Function of melanocytes: a) Produce keratin b) Produce melanin c) Phagocytosis d) Detect vibration 39) Keratinocytes primarily: a) Produce pigment b) Function in immunity c) Produce keratin d) Produce mucus 40) Merkel cells detect: a) Pain b) Deep pressure c) Light touch d) Temperature 41) Langerhans cells are responsible for: a) Stretching b) Immune defense c) Waterproofing d) Temperature regulation 42) The arrector pili muscle causes: a) Sweating b) Goosebumps c) Pain d) Temperature increase 43) A generic structure of a fatty acid contains: a) CH₃—(CH₂)n—COOH b) C₆H₁₂O₆ c) PO₄—Sugar—Base d) H₂O 44) A nucleotide consists of: a) Amino acid + R group b) Sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base c) Glycerol + fatty acids d) Glucose + galactose 45) Which vitamin is synthesized in the skin? a) Vitamin A b) Vitamin C c) Vitamin D d) Vitamin K 46) A protein monomer is: a) Monosaccharide b) Amino acid c) Fatty acid d) Nucleotide 47) A carbohydrate monomer is: a) Amino acid b) Monosaccharide c) Steroid d) Nitrogenous base 48) Which epithelium is adapted for protection in sweat gland ducts? a) Simple squamous b) Stratified cuboidal c) Transitional d) Simple columnar 49) Which epithelium contains goblet cells and cilia? a) Keratinized squamous b) Pseudostratified columnar c) Transitional d) Stratified columnar 50) Which statement about epithelial tissues is true? a) They are highly vascular b) They contain blood vessels c) They are avascular d) They contain muscle fibers 51) Simple squamous epithelium is best adapted for: a) Absorption of nutrients b) Stretching c) Gas exchange and filtration d) Mucus secretion 52) Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium is found in: a) Alveoli b) Small intestine c) Epidermis d) Urinary bladder 53) Bone hardness is due to: a) Keratin b) Calcium salts c) Elastic fibers d) Hemoglobin 54) The function of collagen in connective tissue is to: a) Produce mucus b) Add flexibility only c) Add strength and structure d) Store calcium 55) Smooth muscle is located in: a) Heart wall b) Walls of hollow organs c) Attached to bones d) Skin 56) What is the basic unit of life? a) Atom b) Molecule c) Cell d) Organ 57) Which process involves energy conversion in cells? a) Photosynthesis b) Diffusion c) Osmosis d) Filtration 58) DNA is responsible for: a) Energy storage b) Genetic information c) Protein synthesis d) Cell division 59) Which is a characteristic of all living organisms? a) Photosynthesis b) Respiration c) Locomotion d) Vision 60) Metabolism includes: a) Anabolism and catabolism b) Only catabolism c) Only anabolism d) Neither process 61) Homeostasis refers to: a) Growth b) Reproduction c) Internal balance d) Energy production 62) Which molecule carries genetic instructions? a) RNA b) Protein c) Lipid d) Carbohydrate 63) Which is not a macromolecule? a) Protein b) Lipid c) Water d) Carbohydrate 64) What is the role of enzymes? a) Speed up reactions b) Store energy c) Transport molecules d) Provide structure 65) Which is a form of asexual reproduction? a) Binary fission b) Fertilization c) Pollination d) Conjugation 66) Which epithelial tissue is best adapted for stretching? a) Simple cuboidal b) Transitional epithelium c) Simple squamous d) Stratified columnar 67) Which of the following is a function of adipose tissue? a) Gas exchange b) Bone production c) Energy storage d) Electrical insulation 68) Which connective tissue cell releases histamine? a) Fibroblast b) Mast cell c) Osteocyte d) Langerhans cell 69) The main function of fibroblasts is to: a) Destroy pathogens b) Produce fibers and matrix c) Conduct impulses d) Store triglycerides 70) Reticular connective tissue is mainly found in: a) Tendons b) Lymph nodes and spleen c) Brain d) Epidermis 71) Dense regular connective tissue is found in: a) Dermis b) Tendons and ligaments c) Alveoli d) Liver 72) Which tissue provides the greatest resistance to stretching? a) Areolar b) Reticular c) Dense regular connective tissue d) Transitional 73) Cartilage is classified as: a) Non-specialized connective tissue b) Specialized connective tissue c) Epithelial tissue d) Nervous tissue 74) Which of the following is not a specialized connective tissue? a) Blood b) Bone c) Adipose tissue d) Cartilage 75) The lumen is best described as: a) A storage vacuole b) The inner space of a duct or gland c) A hair follicle d) A bone cavity 76) Which type of muscle is voluntary? a) Smooth b) Cardiac c) Skeletal d) None 77) Which tissue type is responsible for contraction? a) Nervous b) Connective c) Muscle d) Epithelial 78) Which tissue type lines body cavities? a) Connective b) Epithelial c) Muscle d) Nervous 79) Which connective tissue stores fat? a) Cartilage b) Bone c) Adipose d) Blood 80) Which cell type is involved in immune response? a) Neuron b) Fibroblast c) Lymphocyte d) Adipocyte 81) Which tissue type forms glands? a) Muscle b) Epithelial c) Connective d) Nervous 82) Which tissue type transmits electrical signals? a) Connective b) Muscle c) Nervous d) Epithelial 83) Which cell type produces collagen? a) Osteocyte b) Fibroblast c) Chondrocyte d) Adipocyte 84) Which tissue type has a liquid matrix? a) Bone b) Cartilage c) Blood d) Adipose 85) Which tissue type is avascular? a) Connective b) Epithelial c) Muscle d) Nervous 86) Which tissue anchors epithelial tissue and supplies it with nutrients? a) Transitional epithelium b) Simple cuboidal c) Areolar connective tissue d) Smooth muscle 87) Dense irregular connective tissue is primarily found in: a) Dermis of skin b) Tendons c) Trachea d) Neurons 88) Which connective tissue has the most open space and least fibers? a) Dense regular b) Dense irregular c) Areolar d) Bone 89) Which tissue stores triglycerides? a) Bone b) Areolar c) Adipose d) Smooth muscle 90) The main function of simple cuboidal epithelium is: a) Protection only b) Absorption and secretion c) Filtration only d) Conducting impulses 91) The tissue that forms the inner lining of blood vessels is: a) Simple cuboidal b) Simple squamous c) Stratified squamous d) Transitional 92) Which muscle type is striated and involuntary? a) Skeletal b) Smooth c) Cardiac d) Dense muscle 93) Which epithelium is found in the male urethra? a) Simple squamous b) Stratified columnar c) Transitional d) Pseudostratified columnar 94) Which tissue type senses environmental changes? a) Epithelial b) Connective c) Nervous d) Muscle 95) Which cell type functions in immune surveillance in the skin? a) Keratinocytes b) Langerhans cells c) Merkel cells d) Fibroblasts 96) Elastic cartilage is found in: a) Nose b) Trachea c) External ear d) Knee joint 97) Hyaline cartilage is found in all EXCEPT: a) Rib cage b) Nose c) Fetal skeleton d) External ear 98) Blood is considered a connective tissue because: a) It contains cartilage b) It supports muscle function c) It has a liquid extracellular matrix d) It forms keratin 99) Which epithelial tissue protects against abrasion? a) Simple squamous b) Stratified squamous c) Simple cuboidal d) Transitional 100) Areolar connective tissue functions as: a) A rigid support structure b) A shock absorber c) A flexible filler tissue between structures d) A blood cell producer

TEST 3 Review BIOLOGY

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