Comprehension probe, Probe that tests whether the respondent understands the meaning of a key term in the question., Response problem, Respondents cannot map their answer to the options because categories don't fit real experiences, scales are unclear, or the format forces artificial precision., Paraphrasing probe, Probe that checks interpretation by asking the respondent to restate the question., Recall / retrieval problem , Respondents understand question but cannot remember required information, Judgment problem, Respondents remember information but struggle making assessments or evaluations of their experience.., Forced Choice Bias, When respondents must choose an inaccurate answer because correct option is missing., Probing, Asking follow-up questions to understand participant thinking., Construct Validity, Whether a survey question measures the concept it is intended to measure., Recall probe, Probe that examines the respondent’s memory process and how they retrieved the information., Confidence probe, Probe that assesses certainty or uncertainty in the reported answer., Paradata, Indicators of how respondents go through to answer questions (e.g. time spent in answering a question), Anticipated probing, Pre-planned probes used to examine respondents’ cognitive processes., General probe, Probe that explores respondent's overall thought process, not tied to a specific word or response., Spontaneous probing, Probes initiated by the interviewer in direct response to something the respondent says or does during the interview., Comprehension problem, Respondent does not or misunderstands the question, terms are ambiguous or (technically) unfamiliar., Sensitivity issue problem, Question triggers respondent's discomfort or social desirability, Category saturation, Point at which additional cognitive interviews reveal no new problems with survey questions., Cognitive Interviewing, Method used to test survey questions by asking participants how they understand and answer them., Think-Aloud Method, Participants say their thoughts while answering survey questions., Measurement error, Difference between the true answer and the answer recorded., Specific probe, Probe for clarification about a particular response choice., Survey Pretesting, Testing survey before final use., Conditional probing, Probes that are pre-planned in advance but are asked only if a specific condition or trigger occurs during the interview., Survey Cognitive Stages, Comprehension, Retrieval, Judgement, Response, Volunteer bias, Volunteers for cognitive testing have above average interest and enthusiasm, resulting in a failure to identify problems among less motivated respondents.

Tutorial 3 - Concepts

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