Key Principles and Procedures, Exclusive Target Language Use: Classroom instruction and communication are conducted exclusively in the target language; translation and native language use are strictly forbidden., Inductive Grammar: Grammar rules are not explicitly explained; instead, they are taught inductively through active usage, examples, and practice., Oral Communication Focus: Everyday vocabulary and sentence structures are built up through a carefully graded progression of question-and-answer exchanges between teachers and students., Direct Association: Meaning is conveyed directly through demonstration, physical actions, mime, real objects, and pictures rather than analytical explanation., Techniques & Skills Emphasized, Primary Skills: Intensive focus on speaking (everyday conversations, dialogues, role-plays) and listening (correct pronunciation, intonation, and natural discourse). Supporting emphasis is placed on simple reading and vocabulary acquisition in context., Classroom Techniques: Frequent question-and-answer patterns, active use of realia/visuals, correction of mistakes without translation, and maximizing student speaking time., Strengths & Advantages, Encourages learners to think and speak directly in the target language, Accelerates the development of oral comprehension and conversational fluency., Imparts vocabulary naturally via contextualized situations and visual association, Increases student engagement and enjoyment through active, dynamic participation., Weaknesses & Criticisms, High Teacher Dependency: Relies heavily on native-like fluency, high skill levels, and intense energy from the teacher rather than relying on structured textbooks., Practical Limitations: Difficult to implement in large classes or public school settings where small group sizes and extensive individual speaking practice are restricted., Neglect of Other Skills: Traditionally underemphasized systematic grammar instruction, writing, and reading depth (which led to the rise of alternative frameworks like the Coleman Report in the US).

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