evolution - the process by which new species or populations of living things develop from preexisting forms through successive generations., Natural selection  - the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change, adaptations - as a physical or behavioral feature of an animal that helps them better survive in their environment, Fitness  - being able to live long enough to reproduce and keep the population or species alive., Genetic variation - the difference in DNA sequences between individuals within a population., Selective pressure - The organisms that are better suited to their environment survive the pressure of selective agents., Artificial selection - Humans select traits that are desirable, the domestication on plants and animals, Convergent evolution - the process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities., Analogous structures - features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature, Divergent evolution - what occurs when two groups of the same species evolve different traits within those groups in order to accommodate for differing environmental and social pressures., Genetic drift - the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance. Genetic drift may cause gene variants to disappear completely and thereby reduce genetic variation, Migration/Gene flow - movement of individuals and/or the genetic material they carry from one population to another, Homologous structures  - organs or skeletal elements of animals and organisms that, by virtue of their similarity, suggest their connection to a common ancestor, Vestigial structures - a biological structure that has lost a major ancestral function and is usually drastically reduced in size, Derived character - a trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed along to its descendants, Reproductive isolation  - "the inability of a species to breed successfully with related species due to geographical, behavioral, physiological, or genetic barriers or differences.", habitat isolation  - occurs when habitat preferences lower the probability of mating between individuals associated with differing habitats. Classified as a type of reproductive isolation, Temporal isolation - type of reproductive isolation mechanism among sexual organisms in which the differences in the timing of critical reproductive events prevent members of closely related species, which could otherwise breed with one another, from mating and producing hybrid offspring., Behavioral isolation  - the reduction of gene flow between populations or species due to differences in courtship signals and preferences and is often considered as one of the most important barriers to gene flow between closely related animal species, Mechanical isolation - a physical incompatibility between reproductive organs of two organisms. Mechanical isolation is a type of prezygotic barrier, where no fertilization occurs and thus reproduction does not occur., Gametic isolation - a type of prezygotic barrier. Gametic isolation happens when the egg and sperm are released but a zygote is not formed., Hybrid inviability  - a post-zygotic barrier, which reduces a hybrid's capacity to mature into a healthy, fit adult. The relatively low health of these hybrids relative to pure-breed individuals prevents gene flow between species., Hybrid sterility - Hybrid sterility is defined as the inhibition or suppression of the reproductive capacity of F1 or later generation hybrids between genetically different strains or populations, usually belonging to different species., Hybrid breakdown - a type of reproductive failure that appears after the F2 generation of crosses between different species or subspecies. It is caused by incompatibility between interacting genes., Allopatric Speciation  - occurs when a species separates into two separate groups which are isolated from one another., Sympatric speciation - the splitting of an ancestral species into two or more reproductively isolated groups without geographical isolation of those groups., Punctuated equilibrium - the hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change., Gradualism - a pattern of sustained, directional, and incremental evolutionary change over a long period during the history of a species, Adaptive radiation - a rapid increase in the number of species with a common ancestor, characterized by great ecological and morphological diversity., phylogenetic tree  - a diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor.,

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