What is the binary representation of the denary number 45? - 00101101, What is the result of adding 11011011 and 10011000 in binary? What happens if overflow occurs? - Result = 101100011 (overflow — 9-bit result), What is the difference between ASCII and Unicode? - ASCII uses 8 bits; Unicode uses up to 32 bits and supports more characters., What happens to sound file size if sample rate and resolution increase? - File size increases; more data per second is stored., Which type of compression is used for music streaming: lossy or lossless? - Lossy, How do you calculate image file size? - Resolution × Colour depth (in bits) ÷ 8 (to convert to bytes), Which method uses the sum of data to check for errors? - Checksum, What is ARQ used for? - To automatically resend data if an error is detected, What are the three main stages of the fetch-decode-execute cycle? - Fetch, Decode, Execute, What is the role of cache in the CPU? - It stores frequently used data to speed up processing., What is an interrupt? - A signal that stops the CPU to handle an urgent task, Give one example of system software and one of application software. - OS: Windows, Application: Word Processor, What is the difference between HTTP and HTTPS? - HTTPS is secure and encrypted., What does a URL contain? - Protocol, domain name, and resource path, Name one key feature of AI. - Ability to learn and adapt, What does decomposition mean in algorithm design? - Breaking a problem into smaller parts, What does a trace table help identify? - Logic errors and how data changes during execution, What are the three basic programming constructs? - Sequence, Selection, Iteration, What is the difference between a function and a procedure? - A function returns a value; a procedure does not, What is a primary key? - A unique identifier for each record in a table, What SQL keyword is used to retrieve data? - SELECT, What is the symbol in schemes for a NOT gate? - A triangle with a circle on the point, What does a logical left shift by 2 do to the binary number 00001101? - It becomes 00110100 — equivalent to multiplying by 4., How does two’s complement allow representation of negative numbers? - By flipping the bits and adding 1 to the least significant bit., What are the three methods of data transmission based on timing? - Simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex, What is a packet made up of in packet switching? - Header, payload (data), and error-checking information, What is the key difference between symmetric and asymmetric encryption? - Symmetric uses the same key for encryption and decryption; asymmetric uses a public and private key pair., Which sensor would be used in a burglar alarm to detect movement? - Motion sensor, Give one example each of an input and output device used in an ATM. - Input: keypad or card reader; Output: screen or receipt printer, Which type of storage is used in USB flash drives? - Solid-state storage, Why might virtual memory slow down a computer’s performance? - It uses slower secondary storage (e.g., HDD) when RAM is full., What is the purpose of a MAC address? - It uniquely identifies a device on a local network., What does a compiler do? - Translates the whole program into machine code before execution., Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using a high-level language. - Advantage: easier to read/write; Disadvantage: needs translation into machine code, What is the main purpose of blockchain in digital currency? - It securely records transactions in a distributed ledger., What is phishing? - A method of tricking users into revealing personal information via fake messages or websites., Name one technical method used to prevent unauthorized access to a network. - Firewall, Which three components are needed for an automated system? - Sensors, microprocessor, and actuators, Name one advantage and one disadvantage of using robots in manufacturing. - Advantage: continuous operation; Disadvantage: high initial cost, What is meant by validation in input data? - Checking if input data is reasonable and within expected format/range., Why is file handling important in programs? - It allows data to be stored permanently and reused., What does SQL stand for? - Structured Query Language, What is the hexadecimal equivalent of the binary number 11110000? - F0, Why is hexadecimal often used instead of binary in computing? - It is shorter, easier for humans to read, and simplifies binary grouping., What is the output of: NOT (1 AND 0)? - 1, What gate outputs 1 only when exactly one input is 1? - XOR gate, What is meant by decomposition in problem-solving? - Breaking a problem down into smaller parts, What does a trace table help you do? - Follow the logic of an algorithm and track variable values step-by-step, What is a dry-run? - Manually working through an algorithm to see how it behaves, What is the difference between a global and a local variable? - A global variable is accessible throughout the program; a local variable only within its function or procedure., What does a library routine refer to in programming? - Pre-written code or function provided by the programming environment, What is meant by "maintainable code"? - Code that is easy to understand, modify, and update,

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