1) Which factor has the greatest influence on peripheral resistance? a) Blood viscosity b) Arterial vessel radius c) Vessel length d) Blood pressure 2) Which substance acts as a vasodilator? a) Endothelin b) Nitric oxide c) Serotonin d) Acetylcholine 3) Which receptors regulate blood pressure short-term? a) Thermoreceptors b) Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors c) Osmoreceptors d) Pain receptors 4) Which organ maintains constant blood flow? a) Skeletal muscle b) Brain c) Skin d) Liver 5) Main function of lymphatic system? a) Produces plasma proteins b) Returns excess interstitial fluid c) Regulates blood pressure d) Generates red blood cells 6) What initiates coagulation? (Select two) a) Endothelial injury b) Tissue factor exposure c) Low hematocrit d) Increased oxygen levels 7) Which vessels carry oxygenated blood from lungs to heart? a) Pulmonary veins b) Pulmonary arteries c) Coronary veins d) Superior vena cava 8) Percentage of white blood cells in blood? a) 45% b) 10% c) 1% d) 55% 9) Which organ produces clotting factors? a) Kidney b) Liver c) Spleen d) Pancreas 10) Which structure detects blood oxygen changes? a) Hypothalamus b) Chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies c) Thalamus d) Medulla oblongata 11) Which statement about blood typing is correct? a) Type A can receive B b) AB can receive all types c) O can receive all types d) B can receive A 12) Which artery is not typically used to measure pulse rate? a) Radial artery b) Carotid artery c) Superior mesenteric artery d) Brachial artery 13) Which factor most strongly determines airflow resistance? a) Airway radius b) Blood pH c) Air viscosity d) Gas temperature 14) If arterial PCO₂ decreases below 35 mmHg, what is the response? a) Breathing rate increases b) Rate and depth decrease c) Airways constrict d) Oxygen uptake increases 15) How do bronchodilator drugs affect the respiratory system? a) Increase resistance b) Decrease resistance c) Increase mucus secretion d) Decrease oxygen exchange 16) How is most oxygen transported in the blood? a) Dissolved in plasma b) Bound to hemoglobin (heme portion) c) As bicarbonate ions d) Bound to plasma proteins 17) How is most carbon dioxide carried in the blood? a) Bound to hemoglobin b) Dissolved in plasma c) As bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) d) As carbonic acid 18) Which condition shifts the oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right? a) High pH b) Low pH (acidosis) c) Low CO₂ levels d) Low temperature 19) If blood flow to alveoli is obstructed, what happens to local airflow? a) Bronchioles dilate b) Bronchioles constrict c) Alveoli expand d) Arteries dilate 20) Which valve has two cusps and connects the left atrium and left ventricle? a) Tricuspid valve b) Pulmonary valve c) Mitral (bicuspid) valve d) Aortic valve 21) Which is the innermost layer of the heart wall? a) Pericardium b) Myocardium c) Endocardium d) Epicardium 22) The atrioventricular (AV) valves function to: a) Prevent blood from returning to the atria during ventricular contraction b) Prevent blood from leaving the ventricles c) Control flow into the pulmonary artery d) Open during diastole only 23) Electrical impulses pass between cardiac muscle cells through: a) Tight junctions b) Gap junctions c) Desmosomes d) Ion channels 24) Which of the following represents the correct sequence of the heart’s conduction system? a) AV node → SA node → Purkinje fibers → Bundle of His b) SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers c) SA node → Purkinje fibers → AV node d) Bundle of His → SA node → AV node 25) During which phase of the cardiac cycle is left ventricular volume highest? a) End of ventricular systole b) End of ventricular diastole c) Beginning of atrial systole d) Mid-isovolumetric relaxation 26) The P wave on an ECG corresponds to: a) Atrial depolarization b) Ventricular depolarization c) Ventricular repolarization d) Atrial repolarization 27) The first heart sound (S₁) occurs when: a) Atria contract b) AV valves close at the start of ventricular systole c) Semilunar valves close d) Ventricles relax 28) Which blood cells make up the largest proportion of formed elements? a) Leukocytes b) Platelets c) Erythrocytes d) Monocytes 29) The average lifespan of an erythrocyte (red blood cell) is approximately: a) 30 days b) 60 days c) 120 days d) 365 days 30) Old red blood cells are primarily destroyed in the: a) Bone marrow b) Liver and spleen c) Kidneys d) Lungs 31) The correct order of platelet plug formation is: a) Activation → Adhesion → Aggregation b) Adhesion → Activation → Aggregation c) Aggregation → Activation → Adhesion d) Activation → Coagulation → Aggregation 32) Which protein allows platelets to aggregate? a) Collagen b) Fibrinogen c) Elastin d) Fibrin 33) Healthy endothelial cells release which vasodilating molecule? a) Thromboxane A₂ b) Nitric oxide (NO) c) Prostaglandin H₂ d) Endothelin 34) According to the chemoreceptor reflex, an increase in PCO₂ will cause: a) Heart rate and contractility to increase b) Breathing rate to decrease c) Blood pressure to drop d) Systemic vasodilation 35) What is the condition called when a person feels dizzy after standing up suddenly? a) Hypertension b) Orthostatic hypotension c) Ischemic syncope d) Cardiogenic shock 36) What causes orthostatic hypotension? a) Blood pooling in legs b) Increase in cardiac output c) Excess sympathetic stimulation d) Vasoconstriction of brain arteries 37) What are factors affecting myocardial contraction called? a) Chronotropic factors b) Dromotropic factors c) Inotropic factors d) Baroreceptive factors 38) According to Starling’s law, stronger contraction is caused by? a) Increased stretch of fibers b) Higher blood pressure c) Decreased venous return d) Shorter diastolic period 39) What causes vasodilation in blood vessels? a) Inhibition of sympathetic impulses b) Activation of sympathetic impulses c) Increase in parasympathetic activity d) Decrease in nitric oxide 40) What is the process of producing red blood cells called? a) Erythropoiesis b) Hemostasis c) Leukopoiesis d) Thrombopoiesis 41) During which phase does the heart relax and fill with blood? a) Diastole b) Systole c) Ejection phase d) Isovolumetric contraction 42) What term describes restricted blood supply leading to oxygen shortage? a) Ischemia b) Hemostasis c) Hypovolemia d) Perfusion 43) What does hemostasis refer to? a) Blood clotting and bleeding prevention b) Blood pressure regulation c) Red blood cell destruction d) Oxygen transport 44) Which hormones regulate blood volume? a) Aldosterone, ANH, ADH b) Epinephrine, cortisol, norepinephrine c) Renin, insulin, angiotensin d) Estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone 45) Which hormone increases sodium and water reabsorption? a) Aldosterone b) ADH c) ANH d) Cortisol 46) Which hormone promotes water reabsorption and reduces urine? a) ADH b) Aldosterone c) ANH d) Insulin 47) Which hormone lowers blood volume by excretion? a) ANH b) Aldosterone c) ADH d) Renin 48) Septic shock results from? a) Infection toxins in blood b) Blood loss c) Heart damage d) Allergic reaction 49) What does hemodynamics study? a) Blood circulation mechanisms b) Blood composition c) Blood vessel structure d) Heart muscle contraction 50) What drives blood flow through tissues? a) Perfusion b) Hemostasis c) Filtration d) Osmosis 51) True about perfusion? a) Depends on blood pressure b) Decreases with activity c) Independent of pressure d) Only venous 52) What can cause poor tissue perfusion? a) Vascular resistance b) Vasodilation c) High cardiac output d) High blood pressure 53) Which receptors detect blood pressure drop? a) Baroreceptors b) Chemoreceptors c) Mechanoreceptors d) Thermoreceptors 54) Main outcome of Starling’s law? a) Equal ventricular output b) Lower heart rate c) Longer diastole d) Less oxygen demand 55) What is the main function of the heart? a) Pump blood b) Digest food c) Filter blood d) Produce hormones 56) Which blood type is universal donor? a) Type A b) Type B c) Type O d) Type AB 57) What blood vessel carries blood to the lungs? a) Aorta b) Pulmonary artery c) Vena cava d) Capillary 58) Where does gas exchange occur? a) In alveoli b) In bronchi c) In trachea d) In larynx 59) What part of the heart conducts electrical signals? a) Myocardium b) SA node c) Ventricles d) Atria 60) Which vessel has the thickest walls? a) Capillaries b) Veins c) Arteries d) Venules 61) What is the main function of blood vessels? a) Transport blood b) Digest nutrients c) Produce blood cells d) Filter blood 62) What is the primary role of hemoglobin? a) Transport oxygen b) Fight infection c) Clot blood d) Carry nutrients 63) Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for voice production? a) Larynx b) Trachea c) Bronchi d) Alveoli 64) What is the function of the diaphragm? a) Help breathing b) Pump blood c) Filter air d) Support lungs 65) Which blood component fights infection? a) Red blood cells b) Platelets c) White blood cells d) Plasma 66) What is the main function of arteries? a) Carry blood away from heart b) Carry blood to heart c) Exchange gases d) Filter blood 67) Where are oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged? a) In alveoli b) In bronchi c) In trachea d) In larynx 68) What is the role of the sinoatrial node? a) Control heartbeat b) Pump blood c) Send signals to lungs d) Control blood pressure 69) Which vessel returns blood to the heart? a) Aorta b) Pulmonary vein c) Vena cava d) Capillary 70) What is the main function of capillaries? a) Exchange gases and nutrients b) Transport blood c) Carry oxygen d) Pump blood 71) Which part of the heart pumps blood to the lungs? a) Left ventricle b) Right ventricle c) Left atrium d) Right atrium 72) What is orthostatic hypotension? a) Drop in blood pressure when standing b) High blood pressure at night c) Low blood sugar levels d) Rapid heartbeat 73) Which part of the heart conducts electrical impulses? a) SA node b) Aorta c) Ventricles d) Mitral valve 74) What is the main function of hemoglobin? a) Transport oxygen b) Fight infections c) Clot blood d) Regulate blood pressure 75) Where does gas exchange primarily occur? a) Alveoli b) Bronchi c) Trachea d) Larynx 76) What is the role of the pulmonary arteries? a) Carry oxygen-rich blood b) Carry oxygen-poor blood c) Supply air to lungs d) Support lung structure 77) Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs? a) Left atrium b) Right atrium c) Left ventricle d) Right ventricle 78) What does the conduction system of the heart include? a) SA node and AV node b) Aorta and vena cava c) Pulmonary veins d) Mitral and tricuspid valves 79) Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart? a) Arteries b) Veins c) Capillaries d) Lymphatic vessels 80) What is the main function of the circulatory system? a) Transport blood and nutrients b) Digest food c) Control hormones d) Support movement 81) Which part of the respiratory system filters air? a) Nasal cavity b) Lungs c) Trachea d) Bronchioles 82) What is the primary purpose of the diaphragm? a) Assist breathing b) Pump blood c) Filter air d) Support lung expansion 83) Which component of blood helps fight infections? a) White blood cells b) Red blood cells c) Platelets d) Plasma 84) What is the function of the aorta? a) Carry oxygen-rich blood b) Carry oxygen-poor blood c) Supply lungs d) Pump blood to body 85) Which structure prevents the backflow of blood into the heart? a) Valves b) Chambers c) Vessels d) Septum 86) What is the main function of the lungs? a) Gas exchange b) Blood filtration c) Blood production d) Oxygen storage 87) Which part of the heart pumps blood to the lungs? a) Right ventricle b) Left ventricle c) Right atrium d) Left atrium 88) What causes blood pressure to decrease in orthostatic hypotension? a) Vasodilation b) Vasoconstriction c) Increased heart rate d) Blood clotting 89) Which blood component is responsible for clotting? a) Platelets b) Red blood cells c) White blood cells d) Plasma 90) What does hemodynamics study? a) Blood flow b) Nerve signals c) Lung capacity d) Muscle strength 91) Where is the heart located? a) Chest cavity b) Abdomen c) Neck d) Legs 92) What is the main function of the heart? a) Pump blood b) Digest food c) Filter blood d) Produce hormones 93) Which part conducts electrical signals in the heart? a) SA node b) Lungs c) Kidneys d) Liver 94) What is gas exchange primarily happening in? a) Alveoli b) Bronchi c) Trachea d) Larynx 95) What carries oxygen in blood? a) Hemoglobin b) Plasma c) White cells d) Platelets 96) What transports blood away from the heart? a) Arteries b) Veins c) Capillaries d) Lymph 97) Which blood component fights infection? a) White blood cells b) Red blood cells c) Platelets d) Plasma 98) What is the main function of red blood cells? a) Carry oxygen b) Fight infection c) Clot blood d) Transport nutrients 99) Which structure helps in blood clotting? a) Platelets b) White cells c) Red cells d) Plasma 100) What is the primary function of the lungs? a) Gas exchange b) Blood filtration c) Blood production d) Nerve signaling

Cardiovascular System Quiz

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