1) In the Pre-Urban Period people ... a) founded the first real cities. b) lived in small villages. c) started to build permanent homes for the first time. d) practised farming. 2) In this period important changes took place that paved the road for the cities that emerged later: a) Life in these first permanent settlements was well organized. b) People moved from one place to another to hunt and collect food. c) Each person in the community had a role. d) Cooperation became very important. e) The different villages traded with each other. 3) The people of this period ... a) learned how to hunt. b) invented the first machines. c) invented new technologies like pottery and simple irrigation. d) began to develop beliefs and rituals. e) began to specialise in new jobs.  4) In the First Urban Revolution ... a) people began to build the first real cities. b) people started to fight for their rights. c) people from different villages started to fight against each other. 5) The earliest cities ... a) appeared on mountain tops. b) appeared in river valleys. c) had temples, markets and governments. 6) Important examples of these earliest cities are: a) Rome b) Athens c) Mesopotamia d) Ancient Egypt e) the Indus Valley f) China 7) New jobs appeared like for example a) teachers b) farmers c) hunters d) craftsmen e) merchants f) priests 8) This is what these earliest cities looked like: a) There were walls for protection and inside them there were temples, markets and houses. The streets were narrow. b) The cities were located at the top of mountains to protect them. There were churches and big houses made of stone. The streets were broad and clean. 9) Because these cities housed so many people it became important ... a) to have a police. b) to build huge prisons. c) to develop governments. d) to make rules and collect taxes. e) to invent a writing system to keep records. 10) Because of all these changes the First Urban Revolution can be regarded as ...  a) the real beginning of civilization. b) the end of farming. c) a cultural revolution. 11) In the Classical and Medieval Periods cities became ... a) larger, stronger and more diverse. b) centres of power, learning and culture. c) dirtier and more dangerous. 12) These cities were either parts of large empires or independent city-states like ... a) Cairo b) Cologne c) London and York d) Athens and Alexandria 13) For the first time in history cities were not only political capitals but also ... a) cultural centres. b) centres of entertainment. 14) After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe entered the Middle Ages which meant that ... a) cities became even bigger and were built around huge temples and marketplaces. b) cities were now smaller and built around a castle, a monastery or a cathedral. 15) At that time ... a) life in the cities was busy and crowded. b) the cities were dirty and there was little space. c) trade grew quickly. d) ideas spread. e) trade wasn't well organised. 16) The Classical and Medieval Periods showed ... a) how cities could be centres of power, knowledge and trade. b) Classical cities gave us ideas about democracy, law and architecture. c) Medieval cities built the foundation for modern trade and urban freedom. d) Together they turned cities into places of chaos, crime and dirt. 17) From 1500 CE on cities around the world entered a new stage: a) They became centres of politics. b) They became centres of culture and entertainment. c) The became centres of exploration, global trade and powerful merchants. 18) Explorers discovered new sea routes and lands and they brought back ... a) wild animals. b) exotic flowers and plants. c) slaves. d) exotic products like spices and coffee. e) gold and silver. 19) These explorations and global trade brought about lots of changes: a) Merchants became very rich. b) Beautiful houses were built. c) The arts became very important because the rich people sponsored artists. d) The goods became more and more expensive. e) Trading companies became bigger and bigger. 20) On the other hand the contrast between rich and poor ... a) became more visible. b) didn't exist any more. 21) The poor people ... a) lived in small crowded houses. b) worked hard. c) were cared for very well. d) profited from a good social system. 22) In this period ... a) people became more and more interested in exploration, knowledge and progress. b) cities became international. c) cities became places where everyone had the same rights. d) cities became multicultural places full of opportunity and innovation. e) cities were places in which all the people had a good life. 23) Around the year 1800 cities entered a new stage in their history: a) the Neolithic Revolution. b) the Industrial Revolution. 24) This meant that ... a) more and more people became craftsmen. b) machines replaced handwork. c) farms became the centres of production. d) factories became the centres of production. 25) Famous machines that were invented at the time include ... a) the Copper Catapult. b) the Oakham Mechanical Reaper. c) the Spinning Jenny d) the steam engine. 26) People started to leave their villages and move to the cities. This movement is called ... a) urbanisation. b) civic expansionism. c) urban confluence. 27) At this time cities ... a) were clean and offered a lot of space. b) offered lots of opportunities for everyone. c) were loud and the air was dirty. 28) Life for the workers was ... a) hard and dangerous. b) a lot easier than life in the countryside. 29) But cities also offered new opportunities: a) Every child could go to school. b) Everyone had a decent home. c) Working conditions were good. d) Cafés, theatres and public parks appeared. e) Electricity, gas lighting and running water became part of everyday life. f) Public transport was installed. 30) However, this period also introduced new challenges cities are still dealing with today, such as ... a) child labour b) bad health care c) pollution d) overcrowding 31) After 1950 cities began to focus on ... a) services. b) technology. c) factories. d) farming. e) culture. 32) Cities became centres of ... a) industry and invention. b) finance, communication and culture. 33) Especially after World War II people ... a) preferred to live in the suburbs rather than the city centre. b) people started to move back to the countryside. c) wanted to live in the very centre of the city rather than anywhere else. 34) In post-industrial cities life changed a lot: a) Life became more global. b) People travelled more. c) Cities offered a mix of modern architecture, art and entertainment. d) Cities became even more crowded. 35) This period also introduced many challenges that are still important today: a) traffic jams b) not enough entertainment for all the people c) housing shortages d) the need for sustainable urban planning e) social housing 36) Today, ... a) more than half of the world's population live in cities. b) some cities have populations of more than ten million people. c) cities are huge industrial towns. 37) These modern - or global - cities ... a) are connected 24 hours a day through the internet, air travel and global business. b) are multicultural. c) don't require a lot of technology. d) face lots of challenges like climate change. 38) To solve these problems modern cities try to become more sustainable by ... a) improving public transport. b) creating more green spaces. c) building more eco-friendly houses. d) banning cars.

The evolution of cities

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