Endogenous morphine-like substance which can control pain is known as?,  Bradykinins,  Peptides,  Prostaglandins,  Serotonins,  Enkephalins, Platelets play an important role in haemostasis; which of the following describes this role?,  They convert fibrinogen to fibrin,  They agglutinate and plug small, ruptured vessels,  They initiate fibrinolysis in thrombosis,  They supply fibrin stabilizing factors,  They supply proconvertin for thromboplastin activation, A patient presents complaining of a stomach upset 48 hours after starting a course of antibiotic for oral infection, this is an example of?,  Type I allergic reaction,  Nervous disorder,  Side effect of the drug,  Type IV hypersensitivity reaction,  Pyloric stenosis, A patient who has been taking quantities of aspirin might show increased post-operative bleeding because aspirin inhibits?,  Synthesis of thromboxane A2 and prevents platelet aggregation,  Synthesis of prostacyclin and prevents platelet aggregation,  Synthesis of prostaglandin and prevents production of blood platelets,  Thrombin and prevents formation of the fibrin network,  Increase the absorption of vitamin K and prevents synthesis of blood clotting factors, Tetracycline hydrochloride conditioning of root surface in periodontal surgery is to?1.,  Sterilise the root surface,  Enhance binding of fibronectin and fibroblasts,  Aids in re-mineralising the root surface,  Assist the binding of lamina dura,  Prevents post-operative infections, Several approaches have been suggested to increase the fixation of professionally applied topical fluoride, which of the following statements IS INCORRECT regarding increasing the fixation?,  Increase concentration of fluoride in solutions,  Raise the PH of the fluoride solution,  Increase the exposure time to topical fluoride,  Pre-treat the enamel with 0.5% phosphoric acid,  Use NH4F rather than NaF at a lower PH, Which of the following is not useful for apical infection?, Chlorhexidine, H2O2, EDTA, Ethyl alcohol, Eugenol, Indicate which of the following has the most potent virucidal properties?, Sodium hypochlorite, Chlorhexidine, Glutaraldehyde, Alcohol 70%, Quaternary ammonium, Trichloroacetic acid, a strong acid, has been used by dentists for chemical cautery of hypertrophic tissue and aphthous ulcers; its mechanism of action is?, Thermodynamic action, Activation of tissue enzymes, Osmotic pressure, Protein precipitation, Neutralization, Which of the following adverse reactions of oral contraceptives is the most serious?, Hypotension, Hepatotoxicity, Uterine neoplasia, Thromboembolism disorder, Decreased resistance to infection, Signs and symptoms that commonly suggest cardiac failure in a patient being assessed for oral surgery are?, Elevated temperature and nausea, Palpitations and malaise, Ankle oedema and dyspnea, Erythema and pain, Pallor and tremor, A 65 years-old woman arrived for dental therapy. The answered questionnaire shows that she is suffering from severe cirrhosis. The problem that can be anticipated in the routine dental therapy is?, Extreme susceptibility to pain, Tendency towards prolonged haemorrhage, Recurring oral infection, Increased tendency to syncope, Difficulty in achieving adequate local anaesthesia, The treatment of Localised Juvenile Periodontitis is frequently supplemented with tetracycline because the flora involved is predominantly?, Aerobic, Strictly anaerobic, Facultative or microaerophilic, Resistant to other antibiotic, Viral in origin, Of all the factors that increase the resistance of teeth to dental caries THE MOST EFFECTIVE is?, The general nutrition of a child during the period of tooth formation, The intake of fluoride during the period of enamel mineralization and maturation, Periodic topical fluoride application by dental health care following tooth eruption, Sufficient intake of calcium and Vitamin D during the period of enamel mineralization, Strict limitation of all dietary carbohydrates, When the enamel of the tooth is exposed to preparation containing high concentrations of fluoride; the major reaction product is?, Sodium fluoride, Calcium fluoride, Stannous fluoride, Fluorapatite, Hydroxyapatite, Toxicity as a result of an anaesthetic solution can be seen more when?, Injection in supine position, Injection into a vascular area, Injection without vasoconstrictors, Injection into inflamed tissue, Intramuscular injection, Which antibiotic administered in childhood may result in tooth discolouration?, Penicillin, Tetracycline, Streptomycin, Amoxicillin, Metronidazole, An adult patient with a history of bacterial endocarditis requires prophylactic administration of antibiotic prior to removal of teeth. Indicate the standard pre-operative regimen.?, Amoxicillin 2 gram an hour before operation orally, Penicillin 250 mg orally six hours before operation, Tetracycline 250-500 mg orally 2 hours before treatment, NSAID 400mg orally 1 hours before treatment, Erythromycin 1 gram immediately before the procedure, Which one of the following is a risk factor for local anaesthetic injections?, Aspirate before injection, Inject rapidly, Use the smallest effective volume, Use the weakest efficient percentage strength, Proper patient positioning, At what rate should closed chest cardiac compression be performed in an adult?, 12 times a minute, 24 times a minute, 50 times a minute, 80 times a minute, 100 to 120 times a minute, A young patient presented with rheumatic fever and suspected allergy to penicillin. The antibiotic of choice is?, Chloromycetin, Sulphonamide, Buffered penicillin, Erythromycin, Chloramphenicol, Disorder of steroid production or long-term steroid therapy will result in?, Adrenal suppression, Delayed healing, Osteoporosis, All of the above, None of the above, Patient with morphine coma; what is the medication of choice to reverse its action?, Bradykinin, Epinephrine, Amphetamine, Naloxone, Flumazenil, The MOST common staphylococcal infection is?, A localised purulent infection of the skin, Diffuse purulent infection of the skin, Staphylococcal osteomyelitis, Impetigo, Cellulitis, The antibiotic of choice for infections of pulpal origin is?, Penicillin V, Lincomycin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, A patient suddenly becomes pale and sweaty after an injection of 4ml of lidocaine 2% with epinephrine 1?100,000. The radial pulse is slow and steady. The respiration is slow. The blood pressure is 80/60. What is the most probable diagnosis?, A toxic reaction to lidocaine., A toxic reaction to epinephrine., An allergic reaction to the local anesthetic., Incipient syncope., An impending adrenal insufficiency., Increased bleeding is associated with a prolonged administration of? 1. Warfarin 2. Codeine 3. Acetylsalicylic acid 4. Acetaminophen?, (1), (2), and (3), (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, Adrenal corticosteroids?, 1. Cause diabetes 2. Cause retention of sodium and fluid 3. Heighten the immune response 4. Decrease the immune response, (1), (2), and (3), (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (1), (2), and (4), All of the above, Tetracyclines? 1. Have no side effects 2. May increase susceptibility to superinfections 3. Are safe to use during pregnancy 4. Have a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity?, (1), (2), and (3), (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, A therapeutic advantage of penicillin V over penicillin G is?, Greater resistance to penicillinase., Broader antibacterial spectrum., Greater absorption when given orally., Slower renal excretion., None of the above, The most common complication of a venipuncture is?, Syncope., Hematoma., Thrombophlebitis., Embolus., Nerve damage, A patient with congestive heart failure may have? 1. Epistaxis 2. Shortness of breath 3. Rhinophyma 4. Pitting edema of the ankles ?, (1), (2), and (3), (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, Which of the following statements are correct? 1. Narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics are equipotent 2. Non-narcotic analgesics do not alter consciousness 3. Non-narcotic analgesics are safer and less toxic 4. Non-narcotic analgesics produce less side effects?, (1), (2), and (3), (2), (3), and (4), (3) and (4), (1) and (4), All of the above, A major clinical problem of penicillin therapy is its?, High toxicity., Allergenicity., Rapid development of tolerance., Narrow spectrum of activity., Induction of nephritis., Acetaminophen in therapeutic doses? 1. Retards platelet function 2. Has strong anti-inflammatory properties 3. Produces CNS stimulation 4. Has antipyretic properties ?, (1), (2), and (3), (2), (3), and (4), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, If a patient is allergic to penicillin, the alternative antibiotic of choice for a standard dental infection would be?, Ampicillin., Aureomycin., Erythromycin., Declomycin., Streptomycin, The local anesthetic lidocaine is an?(2), (3), and (4), Amide., Ester., Aldehyde., Acid., Ketone., Which of the following does NOT influence the rate of induction during inhalation anesthesia?, Pulmonary ventilation., Blood supply to the lungs., Hemoglobin content of the blood., Concentration of the anesthetic in the inspired mixture., Solubility of the anesthetic in blood., Most anaphylactic reactions to penicillin occur? 1. When administered parenterally 2. In previously allergic patients 3. Within minutes after administration 4. When administered orally 5. In patients with negative skin tests?, (1), (2), and (3), (2), (3), and (4), (3) and (4), (1), (4), and (5), All of the above, Corticosteroids may be used for the management of?, Allergy., Arthritis., Asthma., Addison's disease., All of the above., When used ALONE, which of the following agents will not produce satisfactory surgical anesthesia?, Chloroform., Cyclopropane., Nitrous oxide., Fluothane., Halothane, Which of the following would you prescribe for an anxious dental patient with a peptic ulcer?, Reserpine., Scopolamine., Silica gel., Diazepam., Calcium carbonate., Tetracycline will cause crown discolouration when prescribed at the age of? 1. 6 months in utero 2. 2 years 3. 7 years 4. 14 years?, (1), (2), and (3), (2), (3), and (4), (3) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, Which of the following complications might occur after administration of a local anesthetic agent? 1. Convulsions 2. Nausea 3. Respiratory depression 4. Cardiovascular collapse, (1), (2), and (3), (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, Unconsciousness in syncope results from?, Electrolyte imbalance., Neurogenic shock., Cerebral hyperemia., Cerebral hypoxia., Hypoglycemia, The most effective drug for immediate relief of angina pectoris is?, Morphine., Digitalis., Quinidine., Nitroglycerine., Pentobarbital sodium, The appearance of a rash, itching, broncho-constriction and fever after the administration of a drug are the result of?, Allergy., Tolerance., Idiosyncrasy., Teratogenicity., Toxicity, Diazepam (Valium)? 1. Is a benzodiazepine 2. Is contraindicated in a patient with narrow-angle glaucoma 3. Is anxiolytic 4. Produces muscle relaxation when given orally, (1), (2), and (3), (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, Which of the following statements is/are true regarding diazepam? 1. Its long duration is partly due to active metabolites 2. It does not produce antianxiety effects IM 3. IV administration is more reliable than oral 4. Its sedative effect can be reversed by naloxone, (1) only, (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, For a patient with cardiovascular disease, local anesthesia?, Affects blood pressure more than general anesthesia., Affects blood pressure less than general anesthesia., Is responsible for bacteremia., Is entirely contraindicated., Must never contain a vasoconstrictor., The inorganic ion that is implicated in primary hypertension is?, Sodium., Fluoride., Potassium., Magnesium., Calcium, Which of the following is the most important factor in the preoperative evaluation of a patient?, Medical history., Laboratory data., Electrocardiogram., Pulse and blood pressure., Radiographic examination., In a standard dental cartridge containing 1.8ml 2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1?100,000, the amount of vasoconstrictor is?, 18.0 mg., 0.018 mg., 1.8 mg., 0.18 mg., 180.0 mg., The mode of action of the sulfonamides upon susceptible bacteria is by?, Interfering with the synthesis of folic acid through competitive inhibition., Competing for nutrients in the tissue environment., Interfering with the synthesis of cell wall protein., Causing direct lysis of the bacterial membrane., Inhibiting DNA gyrase., An immediate toxic reaction to a local anesthetic administration is most likely due to?, Deterioration of the anesthetic agent., Hypersensitivity to the vasoconstrictor., Hypersensitivity to the anesthetic agent., Excessive blood level of the anesthetic agent., Interaction with an administered antibiotic., The use of aspirating syringes for the administration of local anesthetics is recommended because? 1. Effectiveness of anesthesia is increased 2. Aspiration of blood is proof that the needle is intravascular 3. Use removes the hazard of rapid injection 4. Use reduces the frequency of accidental intravenous injection?, (1), (2), and (3), (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, In a standard inferior alveolar nerve block, which muscle is most commonly penetrated by the needle?, Buccinator., Mylohyoid., Superior constrictor., Masseter., Medial (internal) pterygoid., Lidocaine (Xylocaine)? 1. Is a local anesthetic agent 2. Has topical anesthetic properties 3. Is an antiarrhythmic agent 4. Has anticonvulsant properties at certain doses(1) and (3), (1), (2), and (3), (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, Which of the following nerves should be anesthetized for extraction of a maxillary lateral incisor? 1. Nasociliary 2. Nasopalatine 3. Sphenopalatine 4. Anterior superior alveolar, (1), (2), and (3), (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, With respect to local anaesthetics, which of the following statements is correct?, Only sensory nerve fibers are susceptible., In mixed nerves, motor fibers are more susceptible., Anaesthetics are generally marketed as water-soluble acid salts., They are incapable of blocking autonomic nerve tissue., Their un-ionized base form is what binds to the sodium channel receptor., Which of the following anesthetic agents are hydrolyzed by plasma cholinesterase? 1. Prilocaine 2. Lidocaine 3. Mepivicaine 4. Procaine, (1), (2), and (3), (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, A patient develops an acute anaphylactic reaction in your office. One drug that you would use is epinephrine because it?, Relaxes bronchial muscles., Stimulates heart muscle and increases heart rate., Increases systolic blood pressure., Produces vasoconstriction in many vascular beds., All of the above., In an infection caused by non-penicillinase producing staphylococcus, the oral drug of choice is?, Penicillin V., Cephalexin., Tetracycline., Vancomycin., Methicillin., Intravenous administration of epinephrine results in? 1. Increased systolic pressure 2. Increased heart rate 3. Palpitations 4. Respiratory depression, (1), (2), and (3), (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, Which of the following should NOT be prescribed for a patient receiving warfarin (Coumadin)? 1. Acetylsalicylic acid 2. Oxycodone 3. Ketorolac 4. Codeine, (1), (2), and (3), (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, Chronic alcoholism will? 1. Cause impairment of liver function 2. Increase tendency to hemorrhage 3. Delay healing 4. Decrease the effectiveness of local anesthetics, (1), (2), and (3), (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, When used for conscious sedation, nitrous oxide may? 1. Produce signs of inherent myocardial depression 2. Produce an indirect sympathomimetic action 3. Cause the patient to sweat 4. Produce numbness of the extremities?, (1), (2), and (3), (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, A patient presents with a diffuse cellulitis and lymphadenopathy. A superinfection with a penicillinase-producing staphylococcus is suspected. Which of the following oral antibiotics is most appropriate?, Tetracycline., Cephalexin., Penicillin G., Erythromycin., Chloramphenicol., An excess of which hormone is associated with increased sensitivity to epinephrine?, Testosterone., Parathyroid hormone., Insulin., Thyroxin., Estrogen., Which hormone from the anterior pituitary gland regulates the release of corticosteroid hormones from the adrenal cortex?, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Progesterone, Which of the following steroids can provoke Cushing's syndrome?, Estradiol., Testosterone., Prednisolone., Progesterone., Diethylstilbestrol., Which of the following should NOT be administered to a patient with chest pain consistent with a myocardial infarction?, Epinephrine., Nitroglycerin., Oxygen., Morphine., Acetylsalicylic acid., Which of the following will produce hemostasis when applied topically?, Oxidized cellulose., Absorbable gelatin sponge., Microfibrillar collagen., Topical bovine thrombin., All of the above., The usual adult dosage of codeine administered orally for pain is?, 500-1000mg., 250-500mg., 30-60mg., 2-5mg., 0.5-1mg., Which of the following drug groups is(are) used to specifically suppress pain? 1. Benzodiazepines 2. Barbiturates 3. Narcotic analgesics, (1) only., (2) only., (3) only., (1) and (3), (2) and (3), In drug synergism?, The combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects., A drug accumulates in the body at a faster rate than it is destroyed., A drug is selectively concentrated in the kidneys., A drug produces only active metabolites., The concentration of the drug inherently increases with time., Vasoconstrictors in local anesthetics have all of the following actions EXCEPT?, Constrict vessels and decrease blood flow to the site of injection., Absorption of LA into the bloodstream is slowed., Higher LA concentration remains around the nerve increasing duration., Minimize bleeding at the site of administration., Increase bleeding at the site of administration., Which of the following has analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects?, Acetaminophen., Acetylsalicylic acid., Bradykinin., Codeine., Diazepam., A patient who has until recently been on prolonged corticosteroid therapy may exhibit?, Increased bleeding time., Hyposensitivity to pain., Decreased tolerance to physiological stress., An increased metabolic rate., High endogenous levels of plasmatic cortisol., Which statement(s) is/are true about diazepam? 1. It improves performance rating of fine motor skills 2. It is more toxic when taken with ethyl alcohol 3. It is available without prescription in Canada 4. It produces a typical dependence syndrome, (1), (2), and (3), (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, Insulin reaction (hypoglycemia) is characterized by? 1. Nausea 2. Tachycardia 3. Sweating 4. Mental confusion, (1), (2), and (3), (2), (3), and (4), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, Which of the following drug groups can cause xerostomia? 1. Diuretics 2. Antibiotics 3. Antidepressants 4. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, (1), (2), and (3), (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, Which is the most appropriate prophylactic antibiotic for a patient with a prosthetic heart valve undergoing a surgical dental procedure?, Intravenous ampicillin., Clindamycin per os., Intravenous vancomycin., Erythromycin per os., Amoxicillin per os., Which of the following conditions can make an older patient short of breath on mild exertion? 1. Anemia 2. Cardiac failure 3. Obesity 4. Osteoarthritis, (1), (2), and (3), (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, Which of the following medications is absolutely CONTRAINDICATED in the management of a patient who is taking Coumadin (Warfarin)?, Acetaminophen., Penicillin., Acetylsalicylic acid., Codeine., Clindamycin., A patient has a prosthetic heart valve and is allergic to penicillin. The most appropriate oral antibiotic to be used prophylactically is?, Erythromycin., Metronidazole., Amoxicillin., Tetracycline., Clindamycin, Which drug(s) control(s) pain AND reduce(s) inflammation? 1. Acetylsalicylic acid 2. Acetaminophen 3. Ibuprofen 4. Meperidine HCl, (1), (2), and (3), (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, Epinephrine in a local anesthetic solution will? 1. Decrease absorption of the anesthetic into systemic circulation 2. Assist hemostasis at the site of injection 3. Prolong the action of the anesthetic agent 4. Assist in post-operative healing, (1), (2), and (3), (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, Which of the following would you NOT prescribe for a patient receiving Warfarin? 1. Acetylsalicylic acid 2. Metronidazole 3. Erythromycin 4. Codeine(1) and (3), (1), (2), and (3), (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, The historically recommended regimen of antibiotic prophylaxis for a patient with a prosthetic heart valve and an allergy to penicillin is?(2) and (4), Amoxicillin 3g orally one hour before procedure; then 1.5g six hours after initial dose., Amoxicillin 2g orally one hour before procedure only., Clindamycin 300mg orally one hour before procedure; then 150mg six hours after initial dose., Clindamycin 600mg orally one hour before procedure only., Erythromycin stearate, 2g orally two hours before procedure only., Side effects of therapeutic doses of codeine may produce? 1. Constipation 2. Drowsiness 3. Nausea 4. Respiratory depression, (1), (2), and (3), (1) and (3), (2) and (4), (4) only, All of the above, Which of the following antibiotics may be cross-allergenic with penicillin?, Neomycin., Cephalexin., Clindamycin., Erythromycin., Tetracycline, A major consideration when administering nitrous oxide sedation is its ability to?, Provide complete surgical anesthesia., Cause significant muscular relaxation., Eliminate the need for local anesthesia., Produce diffusion hypoxia if oxygen is not administered at the end of the procedure., Induce profound bradycardia., The primary site of biotransformation for amide local anesthetics is the?, Kidneys., Blood plasma., Liver., Lungs., Spleen., In treating a patient with a history of severe asthma, which of the following drugs should be avoided?, Acetaminophen., Acetylsalicylic acid., Lidocaine., Penicillin., Erythromycin., Which component of a local anesthetic cartridge is most frequently associated with allergic reactions?, The local anesthetic base., The vasoconstrictor., Sodium chloride., Sodium bisulfite., Distilled water., An advantage of using a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) over an opioid for dental pain is?, NSAIDs produce stronger CNS depression., NSAIDs lack addiction and dependence potential., NSAIDs have a higher therapeutic index for respiratory depression., NSAIDs can be safely given to patients with peptic ulcers., NSAIDs enhance platelet aggregation., Prolonged use of broad-spectrum antibiotics can most likely lead to?, Increased immune resistance., Superinfection by opportunistic organisms like Candida albicans., Immediate anaphylaxis., Improved wound healing., Decreased prothrombin time., Which of the following local anesthetics is characterized by its relatively long duration of action?, Procaine., Lidocaine., Mepivacaine., Prilocaine., Bupivacaine., Which of the following is directly involved in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin?, Sodium., Calcium., Fluoride., Potassium., Bicarbonate.

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