Which statement correctly describes a spontaneous process?, It always releases heat., It can proceed without continuous external intervention under the given conditions., It never requires energy to start., It always occurs quickly., Which symbols represent entropy and Gibbs free energy, respectively?, H and S, G and H, E and H, S and G, During a spontaneous process, what happens to the entropy of the universe?, It increases., It becomes zero., It remains constant., It decreases., A gas expands into a larger container at constant temperature. How does its entropy change, and why?, It stays constant because temperature is constant., It decreases because particles become larger., It increases because more particle arrangements are possible., It decreases because fewer particle arrangements are possible., At constant temperature and pressure, what does a positive ΔG indicate for the forward reaction?, The reaction must occur rapidly., The reaction is at equilibrium., The forward reaction is nonspontaneous under those conditions., The forward reaction is spontaneous under those conditions., A student says rusting must be nonspontaneous because it is slow. Which response is correct?, Incorrect: spontaneity does not determine reaction speed., Incorrect: rusting is a physical change., Correct: all spontaneous reactions are fast., Correct: slow reactions always have positive ΔG., At 300 K, ΔH = +45 kJ and ΔS = +200 J/K. Use ΔG = ΔH − TΔS. What is ΔG, and is the reaction spontaneous?, −59955 kJ; spontaneous, −15 kJ; spontaneous, +105 kJ; nonspontaneous, +15 kJ; nonspontaneous, A reaction has ΔH < 0 and ΔS < 0. When is it more likely to be spontaneous, and why?, At high temperatures, because the positive −TΔS term is smaller., At all temperatures, because ΔH is negative., At no temperature, because ΔS is negative., At low temperatures, because the positive −TΔS term is smaller.

14.5

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